Question 1

The discipline of nursing has "a unique perspective,a distinct way of viewing all phenomena,which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry," related to

Accepted Answer

Donaldson and Crowley characterize the discipline of nursing as having "a unique perspective,a distinct way of viewing all phenomena,which ultimately defines and limits the nature of its inquiry," related to "Principles and laws that govern the life processes,well-being,and optimum functioning of human beings,sick or well; patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in critical life situations; and processes by which positive changes in health status are affected."

Question 2

Which of the following statements about communication theory is true?

Accepted Answer

Feedback is the only way to know that one's perceptions about meanings are valid.Human communication is unique.Only human beings have large vocabularies and are capable of learning new languages as a means of sharing their ideas and feelings.Communication includes language,gestures,and symbols to convey intended meaning,exchange ideas and feelings,and to share significant life experience.To encode a message appropriately requires a clear understanding of the receiver's mental frame of reference (e.g.,feelings,personal agendas,past experiences)and knowledge of its purpose or intent of the communication.

Question 3

The identification phase of the nurse-client relationship

Accepted Answer

Hildegard Peplau offers the best-known nursing model for the study of interpersonal relationships in health care.Her model describes how the nurse-client relationship can facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well-being.

Question 4

Which of the following statements best represents therapeutic communication when a student discovers a client crying in bed?

Accepted Answer

Asking about what is bothering the client is goal directed.Its purpose is to promote client well-being."I am the nurse who will be doing your treatments today" is a statement of fact,and it ignores the client's emotional needs."Will you listen to me so I can help you get better?" is not goal directed and does not involve mutuality."This is what is going to happen during surgery" is simply one way.It does not engage the client in a therapeutic manner.

Question 5

When admitting a client to the medical-surgical unit,the nurse asks the client about cultural issues.The nurse is demonstrating use of the concept of

Accepted Answer

The concept of environment includes all cultural,developmental,and social determinants that influence a client's health perceptions and behavior.A person is defined as the recipient of nursing care,having unique bio-psycho-social and spiritual dimensions.The word health derives from the word whole.Health is a multidimensional concept,having physical,psychological,sociocultural,developmental,and spiritual characteristics.The World Health Organization (WHO,1946)defines health as "a state of complete physical,mental,social well-being,not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Nursing includes the promotion of health,prevention of illness,and the care of ill,disabled,and dying people.

Question 6

The nurse recognizes that feedback loops

Accepted Answer

Feedback (from the receiver or the environment)allows the system to correct or maintain its original information.Feedback loops (from the receiver,or the environment)validate the information,or allow the human system to correct its original information.General Systems Theory,initially described by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968),focuses on process and interconnected relationships comprising the "whole."

Question 7

Today,professional nursing education begins at the

Accepted Answer

Today,professional nursing education begins at the undergraduate level,with a growing number of nurses choosing graduate studies to support differentiated practice roles and/or research opportunities.Nurses are prepared to function as advanced practice nurse practitioners,administrators,and educators.

Question 8

The nurse performs a dressing change using sterile technique.This is an example of which pattern of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Empirical knowledge is the scientific rationale for skilled nursing interventions.Personal ways of knowing allow the nurse to understand and treat each individual as a unique person.Aesthetic ways of knowing allow the nurse to connect in different and more meaningful ways.Ethical ways of knowing refer to the moral aspects of nursing.

Question 9

Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow's needs theory is a framework that nurses use to prioritize client needs and develop relevant nursing approaches.Maslow's model proposes that people are motivated to meet their needs in an ascending order beginning with meeting basic survival needs.As essential needs are satisfied,people move into higher psychosocial areas of development.

Question 10

The nurse-client relationship as described by Hildegard Peplau

Accepted Answer

Hildegard Peplau offers the best-known nursing model for the study of interpersonal relationships in health care.Her model describes how the nurse-client relationship can facilitate the identification and accomplishment of therapeutic goals to enhance client and family well-being.In contemporary practice,Peplau's framework is more applicable today in longer term relationships,and in settings such as rehabilitation centers,long-term care,and nursing homes.Despite the brevity of the alliances in acute care settings,basic principles of being a participant observer in the relationship,building rapport,developing a working partnership,and terminating a relationship remain relevant.

Question 11

The nursing profession's first nurse researcher,who served as an early advocate for high-quality care and used statistical data to document the need for handwashing in preventing infection,was

Accepted Answer

An early advocate for high-quality care,Florence Nightingale's use of statistical data to document the need for handwashing in preventing infection marks her as the profession's first nurse researcher.

Question 12

When describing nursing to a group of nursing students,the nursing instructor lists all of the following characteristics of nursing except

Accepted Answer

Historically,nursing is as old as mankind.Originally practiced informally by religious orders dedicated to care of the sick and later in the home by female caregivers with no formal education,nursing was not identifiable as a distinct occupation until the 1854 Crimean war.There,Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing introduced the world to the functional roles of professional nursing and the need for formal education.

Question 13

In the circular transactional model of communication,

Accepted Answer

A circular model expands linear models to include the context of the communication,feedback loops,and validation.With this model,the sender and receiver construct a mental picture of the other,which influences the message and includes perceptions of the other person's attitude and potential reaction to the message.

Question 14

Nursing's metaparadigm,or worldview,distinguishes the nursing profession from other disciplines and emphasizes its unique functional characteristics.The four key concepts that form the foundation for all nursing theories are

Accepted Answer

Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing,but central constructs-person,environment,health,and nursing-are found in all theories and models.They are referred to as nursing's metaparadigm.

Question 15

The central constructs of person,environment,health,and nursing are found in all nursing theories and models and are referred to as

Accepted Answer

Individual nursing theories represent different interpretations of the phenomenon of nursing,but central constructs-person,environment,health,and nursing-are found in all theories and models.They are referred to as nursing's metaparadigm.These constructs are the "metalanguage" of nursing,and together they act as basic building blocks for the discipline of professional nursing.Telehealth is fast becoming an integral part of the health care system,used both as a live interactive mechanism (particularly in remote areas,where there is a scarcity of health care providers)and as a way to track clinical data.Two important outcomes are reduced health costs and increased access to care.During the last century,the bulk of professional care was delivered in acute care settings,based on the disease-focused medical model.Switching to today's community focus recognizes the fact that chronic medical conditions account for most of today's care,with most being treated in the community.The IOM report Health professions education: A bridge to quality (2003)calls for the restructuring of clinical education responsive to the 21st century health system transformation goals of providing the highest quality and safest medical care possible.This report identified five core areas of competency required to cross the bridge to quality.

Question 16

A young mother tells the nurse,"I'm worried because my son needs a blood transfusion.I don't know what to do,because blood transfusions cause AIDS." Which central nursing construct is represented in this situation?

Accepted Answer

The concept of environment includes all cultural,developmental,and social determinants that influence a client's health perceptions and behavior.Caring is not one of the four central nursing constructs.The word health derives from the word whole.Health is a multidimensional concept,having physical,psychological,sociocultural,developmental,and spiritual characteristics.The World Health Organization (WHO,1946)defines health as "a state of complete physical,mental,social well-being,not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Nursing includes the promotion of health,prevention of illness,and the care of ill,disabled,and dying people.Person is defined as the recipient of nursing care,having unique bio-psycho-social and spiritual dimensions.

Quiz 1: Theory Based Perspectives and Contemporary Dynamics