Question 1

The identity of the nursing profession was primarily shaped during which historical period?

Accepted Answer

While there are mentions of activities associated with nursing during ancient eras, the profession began to take form in the early Christian era.

Question 2

Florence Nightingale classified sick nursing as:

Accepted Answer

Nightingale viewed sick nursing as helping ill clients use their own reparative processes to get well. This did not always involve clients who were dying or at risk for illness. It also did not address community health problems.

Question 3

Who established the first public health service for the sick and poor?

Accepted Answer

Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster established the Henry Street Settlement, which was the first public health service for the sick and poor. Dorothea Dix established the Nurse Corps of the United States Army. Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. Isabel Hampton Robb founded the American Nurses Association.

Question 4

The need for university-based nursing education programs was brought to light during which important historical time?

Accepted Answer

Esther Lucile Brown, in her report on nursing education published at that time during World War II, wrote that nursing education belonged in colleges and universities, not in hospitals.

Question 5

Advocating for financial support for university-based schools of nursing was noted in which government document?

Accepted Answer

The Goldmark Report in 1923 advocated for financial support for university-based schools of nursing. The Hill-Burton Amendment provided money for the construction and modernization of healthcare facilities. The Health Care Initiative Reform Act focused on making healthcare affordable. The Lysaught Report evaluated nursing practices and patterns, not financial support.

Question 6

The first nursing journal owned, operated, and published by nurses was:

Accepted Answer

The American Journal of Nursing was first published in 1900 and was owned, operated, and published by nurses. Other journals followed at later dates. The Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice is not a journal. The Standards of Nursing Practice are published by the American Nurses Association.

Question 7

Which factor has most influenced how nurses practice their profession?

Accepted Answer

Professional organizations speak to nurses on various topics and may have some influence on ideas regarding nursing care, but longer life spans, increased incidence of chronic illness, and new family structures have dramatically affected where and how nurses practice. Litigation and financial support are significant, but these have not had a central role in shaping the profession. The National Commission focused on the skills and responsibilities needed for quality client care.

Question 8

A nursing student begins to speak using medical terminology. This is considered to be part of which process?

Accepted Answer

Socialization is a process that involves learning theory and skills, as well as internalizing an identity appropriate to a specific role; using professional language is an indicator of socialization. This phenomenon is not characterized as career evolution or occupational literacy. It does not reflect critical thinking.

Question 9

The Standards of Practice provide nurses with:

Accepted Answer

Standards of practice are essential because they serve as guidelines for providing and evaluating nursing care. They help to ensure high-quality care and serve as criteria in legal questions of whether adequate care was provided. They are not associated with healthcare reform, are not used as an evaluation mechanism, or are not a criteria for payment.

Question 10

Current trends in nursing practice include the increasing development of:

Accepted Answer

Current trends in nursing practice include the development of nursing centers, wellness promotion programs, care of older adults, birthing centers, and home and community healthcare. Mental healthcare is more commonly done in the outpatient, not the inpatient, setting. Homeless shelters and ambulatory surgery centers are not current trends.

Question 11

All members of the healthcare team are encouraged to read and contribute to the individual plans of care for their clients. Which healthcare provider develops the plan of care?

Accepted Answer

To serve as evaluation criteria and meet the standards of the Joint Commission (2010), the plan must be developed by a registered nurse, not LPN, nor physician. The plan of care must be documented in the client's health record, and it must reflect the standards of care established by the institution and the profession.

Question 12

The nurse is caring for a postoperative client. The physician has written orders for a pain medication, and the order gives a dosage range for the amount the nurse may give depending on the severity of the client's pain. This type of functioning within the healthcare team is called:

Accepted Answer

Nurses manage collaborative problems using both nurse- and physician-prescribed interventions to reduce the risk of complications (Carpenito-Moyet, 2009). The actions described do not reflect independent, dependent, or authoritative functioning.

Question 13

A long-term care facility is seeking the consultation from an advanced practice nurse to educate the staff regarding palliative care for the residents. The facility will benefit most by hiring which advanced practice nurse?

Accepted Answer

The clinical nurse specialist has advanced experience and expertise in a specialized area of practice, such as gerontology, and would be best suited to provide education on palliative care. The nurse researcher is responsible for the continued development and refinement of nursing knowledge and practice through the investigation of nursing problems. The nurse educator generally has specific clinical specialties and advanced clinical experience in a particular area. The nurse administrator is responsible for managing client care. Nurse practitioners typically provide direct care more often than leading and educating staff.

Question 14

A nurse in the community has been asked to join an organization based on the leadership abilities the nurse has demonstrated both in the nurse's facility of employment and community-based activities. Which organization best describes this process?

Accepted Answer

Sigma, previously called Sigma Theta Tau, is the nursing honor society that extends membership invitations to students who demonstrate excellence in scholarship and nurses in the community who demonstrate excellence in leadership. The ANA is open to all licensed registered professional nurses. The AACN sets standards and publishes essential components of baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral education in nursing. The NCSBN is responsible for NCLEX testing standards.

Question 15

The nurse is caring for a postoperative client and administers a pain medication prescribed on a PRN basis by the physician. What best describes the type of intervention the nurse is demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

The administration of a PRN medication requires a physician-prescribed intervention (the medication order) as well as a nurse-prescribed intervention (determining when the order should be carried out and proper administration of the medication); therefore, this action would be considered a collaborative intervention. Nurse-initiated interventions, such as turning and repositioning a client, are described as nurse-prescribed interventions. Physician-directed actions are described as physician-prescribed interventions. Client advocacy refers to communicating the needs and protecting the safety of the client. Interventions are not normally categorized as being independent or dependent.

Question 16

The nurse in a rehabilitative facility makes certain that a client is participating in group activities that are of interest to the client. The nurse is ensuring which client need is met?

Accepted Answer

The nurse is responsible for making sure the needs of the client are met based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Attending a group activity helps meet the needs of love and belonging (the need to feel that one belongs and is loved to avoid loneliness and isolation). Self-actualization is the highest need and refers to realizing fully all of one's abilities and qualities. Safety and security refers to physical and psychological protection issues. Self-esteem indicates a feeling of self-worth.

Question 17

Due to the rising cost of healthcare services, many procedures and treatments are being delivered in what type of setting?

Accepted Answer

Many procedures and treatments are being delivered in outpatient settings rather than hospital and medical centers, which significantly increase healthcare costs to the client and insurance company. "Community healthcare centers" typically refer to facilities such as day care centers or ambulatory clinics.

Question 18

Nurses that enlist their services to the military are able to do so thanks to the work of which organizer of healthcare?

Accepted Answer

Dorothea Dix, while not a nurse, established the Nurse Corps of the United States Army during the Civil War. Linda Richards was the first trained nurse to graduate from a nursing program. Theodor Fliedner opened the first hospital-based school of nursing, and Florence Nightingale was nursing's first professional leader.

Question 19

A prospective nursing student desires a career that will allow the student to provide client care and to assist professional nurses with routine technical procedures. The prospective student needs to be employed in a full-time position quickly due to economic hardship. What type of nursing program would best suit this student?

Accepted Answer

A licensed practical or vocational nursing program will allow the student to earn a technical certificate in 1 year and sit for the state board of nursing examination to be licensed as an LPN or LVN. An associate program will take 2 years, and a baccalaureate program will take 4 years. There are very few diploma programs remaining in the United States, and these programs typically take 3 years to complete.

Question 20

What type of nursing program would allow a student with a 4-year degree in psychology to enter and complete a baccalaureate degree in nursing, take the NCLEX examination, and transition into a master of science in nursing (MSN) program?

Accepted Answer

Graduate entry program students possess a baccalaureate degree in a field other than nursing. These students can track directly into a master's or doctorate in nursing program after successfully passing the NCLEX-RN. The baccalaureate degree in nursing (or bachelor of science in nursing [BSN]) offers students a full college or university education with a background in liberal arts. The programs are rigorous and provide students with credits for nursing courses and clinical experiences in all areas of nursing practice. Advanced degree nursing programs would require the person to have a BSN before entering the program. Continuing education programs are for licensed nurses.

Quiz 1: The Profession of Nursing