Question 1

Which of the following could be concluded from the study of learned taste aversion in children undergoing chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Learned taste aversion, especially in the context of children undergoing chemotherapy, can last for an extended period, from months to years. This is because the negative association between the taste of food and the nausea caused by chemotherapy is strong and can persist long after the treatment has ended.

Question 2

People and other animals tend to avoid food that has been associated with ______.

Accepted Answer

People and other animals have evolved mechanisms to avoid foods that have been associated with negative consequences, such as nutrient deficiency, to protect themselves from harm and ensure they consume what is necessary for their health.

Question 3

Sean ate chili one night for dinner. Later that night, he came down with the flu and was sick to his stomach. Now Sean cannot even tolerate the smell of chili. What phenomenon accounts for Sean's reaction to chili?

Accepted Answer

Sean's reaction to chili is an example of learned taste aversion, where an individual associates the taste of a certain food with an unpleasant symptom (in this case, sickness from the flu), leading to a long-lasting aversion to that food.

Question 4

Dominick's dog had surgery on Tuesday to remove a cyst. Aside from some vomiting on the day of the surgery, the dog's recovery went smoothly, but by Saturday his dog was still refusing to eat its dog food. What might account for the dog's behavior?

Accepted Answer

The dog may have developed a conditioned aversion to its food due to the association of the food's taste with the postoperative illness (vomiting) it experienced, a phenomenon known as "conditioned taste aversion."

Question 5

Which of the following is nutrient deficiency likely to produce?

Accepted Answer

Nutrient deficiency often leads to a preference for foods that contain the deficient nutrient, as the body seeks to correct the imbalance.

Question 6

Which of the following has been shown in adult humans?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when faced with distracting choices, such as those involving intense flavors or immediate gratification, adults can make poor nutritive choices. This is due to a variety of factors including marketing, availability of unhealthy options, and human preference for high-calorie foods.

Question 7

Which of the following is true regarding digestion?

Accepted Answer

Digestion indeed starts in the mouth where saliva, containing enzymes like amylase, begins the breakdown of carbohydrates into simpler sugars and also lubricates the food for easier swallowing and further digestion.

Question 8

Where in the digestive system can the body rid itself of ingested toxins?

Accepted Answer

The stomach can rid the body of ingested toxins through vomiting, which is a protective mechanism to expel harmful substances before they can be absorbed further into the body.

Question 9

Which of the following occurs during digestion?

Accepted Answer

During digestion, fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. This process allows the body to absorb and utilize the energy stored in fats. Choices A, C, and D describe processes that do not occur during digestion; proteins are not converted into glucose, toxins neutralization is a liver function but not a direct result of digestion, and carbohydrates are not transformed into amino acids.

Question 10

Jeremy ate a balanced breakfast of eggs, fruit, and toast before starting a day-long hike. Jeremy had plenty of energy for his day because of the glucose that was created from his food in his ______.

Accepted Answer

The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients, including glucose, occurs.

Question 11

Nutrients are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein from the ______.

Accepted Answer

The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine to the liver for processing.

Question 12

Jeremy was geared up for a big day of hiking and began his day with a balanced breakfast. Although he brought plenty of water with him, he was also able to stay hydrated because his ______ absorbed extra water from his food during the digestive process.

Accepted Answer

The large intestine absorbs extra water from food during the digestive process, helping in hydration and forming solid waste from the remaining indigestible food matter.

Question 13

Which part of the nervous system controls digestion?

Accepted Answer

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions, including digestion, by regulating the activity of smooth muscles, glands, and internal organs.

Question 14

During pregnancy, women experience changes in the digestive process. One such change is that digestion is slowed, which results in ______.

Accepted Answer

The slowing of digestion during pregnancy often leads to constipation due to the longer time food spends in the digestive tract, allowing more water to be absorbed from the waste material.

Question 15

Which of the following occurs during the absorptive phase of digestion?

Accepted Answer

During the absorptive phase of digestion, insulin is secreted by the pancreas. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by body cells and promotes the storage of excess nutrients, such as in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle, and as fat in adipose tissue.

Question 16

Henrietta is constantly hungry. Although her body has sufficient glucose for energy, due to ______ resistance, her body cannot use that glucose.

Accepted Answer

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells for energy. Despite having enough glucose, the body can't use it properly, leading to constant hunger. This is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, but the specific resistance mentioned is to insulin.

Question 17

Which of the following occurs when insulin levels are low?

Accepted Answer

When insulin levels are low, the body prioritizes the nervous system for glucose availability, as the brain and other components of the nervous system rely almost exclusively on glucose for energy. Other tissues may switch to alternative energy sources like fatty acids.

Question 18

Ravi has begun eating his lunch. Saliva is being produced in his mouth as he starts to chew and swallow his salad. These processes are being controlled by his ______.

Accepted Answer

The lateral hypothalamus plays a crucial role in controlling hunger and the initiation of eating. When Ravi begins to eat, the lateral hypothalamus is activated, promoting the production of saliva and the processes involved in eating.

Question 19

Which of the following occurs in the liver?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following occurs in the...

Question 20

What results from injecting 2-DG (a nonnutrient resembling glucose) into the hepatic portal vein?

Accepted Answer

Injecting 2-DG into the hepatic portal vein mimics a state of glucose deficiency, leading the body to perceive a lack of energy, which can trigger overeating as a compensatory mechanism.

Quiz 6: Motivation and the Regulation of Internal States