Question 1

Jean Piaget's term for a preoperational child's failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions is known as

Accepted Answer

Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's inability to understand that actions can be reversed to return to the original state. This concept is a key aspect of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, particularly in describing the limitations of thinking during the preoperational stage, which typically occurs from ages 2 to 7.

Question 2

Ivan's mother takes some play dough from a small box and makes a long cylindrical model of a rocket for him. Ivan believes that the play dough will not fit into the box anymore because the shape of the play dough has now changed. The limitation of Ivan's preoperational thought illustrated in the scenario is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Ivan's belief that the play dough cannot return to its original box due to a change in shape demonstrates irreversibility, a concept in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This concept refers to the preoperational child's difficulty in understanding that an action can be done and undone, or that objects can change form and still maintain their volume or amount.

Question 3

________ is the awareness and understanding of the mental processes of others.

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one's own. It is crucial for predicting and interpreting the behavior of others.

Question 4

Four-year-old Sheena knows that her mother will be upset when she comes into her room and sees the mess that she and her friends made. This awareness implies that

Accepted Answer

Sheena's awareness that her mother will be upset about the mess indicates she can understand her mother's perspective or mental state, which is an aspect of theory of mind. This ability to attribute mental states to others and understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own is crucial for social interactions.

Question 5

Which of the following is true about the development of theory of mind in children?

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind accompanies the decline of egocentrism and the development of empathy.

Question 6

Which of the following illustrates a child in the early childhood period who has an understanding of theory of mind?

Accepted Answer

Jake's suspicion that his father is lying about taking him to the movies indicates an understanding of theory of mind because it shows he can contemplate his father's beliefs and intentions, recognizing they may differ from reality or his own understanding.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of the ability to lie in early childhood?

Accepted Answer

Children typically begin to say simple lies around the age of 3 years. This development coincides with their growing understanding of others' thoughts and feelings, a cognitive milestone that enables the basic deception involved in lying.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about cognitive development in most children?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is true about...

Question 9

Which of the following factors is positively correlated with a child's ability to understand others' mental states?

Accepted Answer

Being bilingual has been shown to enhance cognitive skills related to theory of mind, which is crucial for understanding others' mental states. This is because managing two languages fosters greater mental flexibility and awareness of social cues.

Question 10

Which of the following is true about the individual differences in theory-of-mind development in children?

Accepted Answer

Infants who demonstrate better attention to others tend to have a more developed theory of mind by the age of 4. This suggests early social attention plays a role in understanding others' perspectives and beliefs.

Question 11

________ is the process by which information is prepared for long-term storage and later retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process through which information is transformed into a form that can be stored in memory. This process is essential for the creation of long-term memories.

Question 12

The retention of information in memory for future use is known as

Accepted Answer

Storage is the correct term for the retention of information in memory for future use. It refers to the process of maintaining information over time within the brain's memory system.

Question 13

Karen's mother asked her if she knew where her father had kept the gardening tools after the two of them did some gardening together last Sunday. To answer this question, Karen is following the process of

Accepted Answer

Karen is following the process of retrieval, which involves accessing stored information from her memory to recall where the gardening tools were kept.

Question 14

________ is a temporary storehouse for incoming sensory information that decays rapidly.

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory acts as a temporary storage for incoming sensory information, holding it just long enough for it to be processed, and typically decays or fades very quickly.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true of sensory memory?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is a very brief (lasting up to a few seconds) recall of a sensory experience, such as what we just saw or heard. It is considered to show little change from infancy throughout the lifespan, as it is a basic and fundamental component of the human memory system, not significantly affected by cognitive development or aging in the way that other types of memory, such as working memory or long-term memory, are.

Question 16

The growth of working memory permits the development of ________, the conscious control of thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish goals or to solve problems.

Accepted Answer

The growth of working memory allows for the development of executive function, which is the ability to manage one's thoughts, emotions, and actions in a deliberate manner to achieve specific objectives or solve problems.

Question 17

In Baddeley's model of working memory, the element of working memory that controls the processing of information is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The central executive is the component of Baddeley's model of working memory that is responsible for controlling and regulating the processing of information.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of generic memory in children?

Accepted Answer

Generic memory helps children understand what generally happens in certain situations and how they should behave, providing them with a framework for expectations and actions in similar contexts.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example involving generic memory?

Accepted Answer

Generic memory involves general knowledge about the world, rather than specific events. Simon's recollection of what happens in a reading class is an example of generic memory because it reflects a general understanding of activities in a reading class, not a specific incident.

Question 20

Molly, a 5-year-old, went to the circus 6 months ago with her family. She still remembers meeting the clowns and watching the trapezium show at the circus. Which of the following types of childhood memory helps Molly store this memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory allows individuals to recall specific events or experiences from their past, including the context in which they occurred. Molly's memory of going to the circus and the specific activities she engaged in, such as meeting the clowns and watching the trapeze show, is an example of episodic memory.

Quiz 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood