Question 1

Which statement about cultural differences in scholastic achievement is true?

Accepted Answer

While there is ongoing research and discussion about cultural differences in scholastic achievement, there is not yet a clear consensus on the significance of these differences. Option A is not true, as the education community acknowledges the need to learn from and potentially incorporate successful strategies used in other countries. Option C is not entirely accurate, as there are variations within different Asian countries and between different regions within the United States in terms of math skills. Option D is not true, as classroom activities can have a significant impact on student achievement.

Question 2

Kelly watched her mother get ready for work; Kelly's mother put on makeup and fixed her hair.Then,Kelly's mother left the room and told Kelly to get ready for school.Kelly began to imitate her mother by smearing makeup on her face and fluffing her hair.This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of observational learning, in which Kelly observed and imitated her mother's behavior of putting on makeup and fixing her hair.

Question 3

One aspect common to Tolman's research on latent learning and Köhler's research on insight is ____.

Accepted Answer

The common aspect between Tolman's research on latent learning and Köhler's research on insight is sudden, dramatic improvements in performance. Tolman's rats demonstrated latent learning by suddenly demonstrating their knowledge of the maze without any reinforcement, while Köhler's apes demonstrated insight by suddenly solving a problem without any prior trial and error.

Question 4

Benji spends his days in a dog pen.After seeing another dog running around the neighborhood,Benji began to pace.Suddenly,he tips over his dog house,climbs on top of it,and jumps out of the pen.According to Wolfgang Köhler,Benji's performance demonstrates ____.

Accepted Answer

Insight refers to suddenly realizing a solution to a problem. In this case, Benji demonstrated insight by using his problem-solving abilities to climb on top of his dog house and jump out of the pen. This type of behavior is not the result of trial-and-error learning or conditioned responses, which are associated with other options.

Question 5

Austin is a very aggressive child who watches a lot of violent programs on television.Research has found a statistically significant,positive correlation between watching television and behaving aggressively.Based on this correlational evidence,which statement is true about Austin's aggression?

Accepted Answer

Correlation does not equal causation, so we cannot definitively say that watching violent programs on television caused Austin to behave aggressively (option A). Additionally, there could be other factors influencing Austin's aggression and his preference for violent shows, such as genetics, upbringing, or peer influence (option D). Option B is also unlikely, as aggression can be learned behavior and not solely innate. Finally, we cannot definitively say that if Austin's parents refused to let him watch violent shows, he would stop behaving aggressively (option C), as there could still be other factors at play.

Question 6

Gretchen absolutely loves going to school.Her teacher uses enjoyable teaching methods,such as small-group problem-solving tasks,discussion of mini-essays written in class,and short review sessions of the previous half hour of class.Gretchen's teacher is obviously taking a(n)____ approach.

Accepted Answer

The enjoyable teaching methods mentioned, such as problem-solving tasks, discussions and review sessions, reflect an active learning approach. This approach involves engaging students in hands-on learning experiences and encouraging them to participate actively in class.

Question 7

Jane has just begun teaching Psychology 100 and wants her students to participate during class.She hopes that discussing the material,doing writing tasks,and working in small groups will help her students understand the material better.Jane is attempting to use ____ in her class.

Accepted Answer

Jane is implementing active learning strategies in her teaching by encouraging participation, discussions, writing tasks, and group work, which allows students to engage with the material actively and apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios. Active learning has been found to improve student retention and understanding, leading to better academic performance.

Question 8

To learn to look both ways before crossing the street,children merely need to hear about the consequences of getting hit by a car (instead of having to experience it themselves).This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of vicarious conditioning, where individuals learn the consequences of an action by observing others experiencing those consequences, rather than through direct experience.

Question 9

Penelope watches her mother shell a peanut before eating it.She then picks up a peanut and begins to peel away the shell,too.This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of observational learning, where Penelope is learning by observing and imitating her mother's behavior of shelling a peanut before eating it.

Question 10

If a research team is going to Chicago to conduct a study on latent learning,they would be most interested in interviewing a ____.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to knowledge that only becomes clear when a person has an incentive to display it. A taxi driver who can give directions to a location he's never visited demonstrates latent learning by revealing navigational knowledge that was not previously apparent.

Question 11

When Imelda was young,she was fascinated by shoe commercials on TV.She was particularly impressed by how happy people seemed to be when buying shoes.As an adult,Imelda goes shopping for shoes every chance she gets.This is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

Imelda's behavior of going shoe shopping every chance she gets is best explained by observational learning. She observed shoe commercials on TV and saw how happy people were when buying shoes, which influenced her behavior as an adult. This is not an example of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, or spontaneous conditioning.

Question 12

Brandon is trying to get out of his crib.He tries sticking his legs through the bars,hitting the bars with his arms,and butting them with his head.He realizes that he is getting nowhere.Then suddenly Brandon tries climbing over the top of the bars,and he breaks free.This illustrates ____.

Accepted Answer

Brandon's sudden realization that he could climb over the bars to escape his crib demonstrates the concept of insight, which refers to a sudden understanding of how to solve a problem that comes after a period of thought or mental processing. Escape conditioning involves learning to perform a behavior (such as pressing a lever) in order to escape an aversive stimulus (such as an electric shock), but Brandon's behavior does not fit this definition. Cognitive maps refer to mental representations of physical spaces that allow individuals to navigate through their environment, and vicarious experience involves learning by observing the experiences and behaviors of others. Neither of these concepts applies to Brandon's situation.

Question 13

When an organism uses insight,it ____.

Accepted Answer

Insight involves thinking through possibilities and then suddenly reaching an understanding, rather than forming associations or watching the actions of others. It is characterized by a sudden "aha!" moment of realization.

Question 14

The police blocked off the road in Carole's neighborhood that she usually uses to get home from work,so Carole used the next quickest route.Carole easily found the different route because ____.

Accepted Answer

Carole's ability to easily find a different route suggests that she had developed a cognitive map of her neighborhood, which is a mental representation of the environment and the spatial relationships between locations. This means that she had a mental layout of the different roads and how they connect, allowing her to navigate without relying solely on specific routes or cues.

Question 15

Kong is scared to death of bananas and banana peels.However,he watches others eat bananas and receive a rewarding piece of candy every time they throw their banana peel away.Eventually,Kong begins to eat bananas and throw the peels away.Kong has learned this through ____.

Accepted Answer

Kong learned through observing others (vicarious conditioning) that throwing banana peels away leads to a rewarding outcome (getting a piece of candy). This influenced his own behavior and led him to eat bananas and throw the peels away despite his initial fear.

Question 16

Which is the best example of vicarious conditioning?

Accepted Answer

Vicarious conditioning occurs when an individual changes their behavior after observing the consequences of another individual's behavior. In this case, Laura quits smoking after seeing her friend suffer from cancer due to smoking, which is a classic example of learning through observation of others' experiences.

Question 17

The association between media violence,including violence on television and aggressive behavior,is often attributed to ____ learning.

Accepted Answer

The association between media violence and aggressive behavior is often attributed to observational learning, as individuals observe and imitate the behaviors they see in the media. Programmed learning, insight, and avoidance are not directly related to this phenomenon.

Question 18

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks.Today,however,she misses the bus and has to walk.Cindy has never had to walk to school before,but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn.This demonstrates ____.

Accepted Answer

Cindy's ability to walk to school without getting lost despite not having done so before suggests the use of latent learning, as she has acquired knowledge or skills through experience without it being immediately demonstrated in behavior. She did not demonstrate insight, as she likely utilized existing knowledge of the area rather than suddenly realizing the solution to the problem. Observational learning and vicarious experience both involve learning through observation of others, which is not applicable in this scenario.

Question 19

While camping,Ben attempts to put up a new tent.He forgot to bring the instructions and is having some trouble.He tries to put it together twice,but some pieces are left over and the tent quickly falls down.Confused,he stands staring at the tent stakes,poles,ropes,and tarps.Then,all of a sudden,through ____,he figures out the problem and sets up the entire tent in five minutes.

Accepted Answer

The sudden realization that leads to solving the problem is a characteristic of insight. A cognitive map refers to the mental representation of the spatial layout and is not directly related to this situation. A schema is a mental framework that helps in interpreting information, but it does not directly lead to problem-solving. Observational learning involves learning by observing others, which does not apply in this situation.

Question 20

Rob watches his sister,Kathryn,being punished for "smarting off" to their mom.Rob learns that he should never "smart off" to his mom,due to ____.

Accepted Answer

This situation is an example of vicarious conditioning, where Rob learns through observing his sister's punishment that "smarting off" to their mom is not an acceptable behavior. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without evident reinforcement, avoidance conditioning involves learning to avoid a negative consequence by altering behavior, and escape conditioning is learning to escape an aversive stimulus by altering behavior. None of these concepts fully explain Rob's learning in this scenario.

Quiz 5: Learning