Question 1

a priori and post hoc are terms that refer to
A) whether the null hypothesis should be rejected
B) whether the null hypothesis should be retained
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

A priori and post hoc refer to when hypotheses or analyses are formulated in relation to data collection, not to decisions about the null hypothesis. A priori means before data collection, and post hoc refers to after data collection.

Question 2

a priori and post hoc are terms that refer to
A) whether the null hypothesis should be rejected
B) whether the assumptions of ANOVA have been met
C) kinds of tests used after an ANOVA
D) all of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

A priori tests are planned comparisons made before data collection, and post hoc tests are unplanned comparisons made after an ANOVA to find exactly where differences lie among groups.

Question 3

Which of the phrases does not belong?
A) planned comparison
B) a limited number of comparisons
C) a priori
D) post hoc.

Accepted Answer

A, B, and C are related to making comparisons or decisions before data collection or analysis, known as "a priori" decisions. D, "post hoc," refers to analyses or comparisons made after the data has been collected, which is different from the other options.

Question 4

Which of these phrases is not like the others; which of these phrases doesn't belong?
A) a Tukey Honestly Significant Difference
B) a priori
C) post hoc.

Accepted Answer

"A priori" is different from the others because it refers to knowledge or justification that is independent of experience, often used in the context of reasoning or argumentation before empirical evidence is considered. In contrast, "a Tukey Honestly Significant Difference" and "post hoc" are statistical terms related to analyzing data after an experiment has been conducted.

Question 5

Planning a limited number of post-ANOVA tests before the data are gathered goes withtests, and choosing any and all differences to test after looking at the data goes with _________________tests.
A) F, t
B) t, F
C) post hoc, a priori
D) a priori, post hoc.

Accepted Answer

Planning a limited number of post-ANOVA tests before the data are gathered is associated with a priori tests, which are planned in advance. Choosing any and all differences to test after looking at the data is associated with post hoc tests, which are determined after seeing the initial results.

Question 6

"Do you know now, before any data are gathered, what pairwise comparisons you want to make? If the answer is yes, and the number is few, we go in one direction; if the answer is no, or `all of them', then we go in another direction."This is a discussion about
A) independent or related samples designs
B) assumptions of ANOVA
C) the null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis
D) a priori and post hoc tests.

Accepted Answer

The statement discusses the planning of comparisons before or after data collection, which directly relates to a priori (planned) and post hoc (after the fact) tests in statistical analysis. A priori tests are planned before data are collected based on specific hypotheses, while post hoc tests are conducted after analyzing the data to explore all possible comparisons.

Question 7

Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test is a(n) test.
A) a priori
B) post hoc
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

The Tukey Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test is a post hoc test used after an ANOVA to find which means are significantly different from each other.

Question 8

If an ANOVA with four samples produces a significant F, you can find out which samples are significantly different from the others by
A) performing several independent-samples t tests
B) performing HSD tests
C) finding the effect size index
D) neither performing several independent-samples t tests nor performing HSD tests is satisfactory.

Accepted Answer

When an ANOVA indicates significant differences among group means, post hoc tests such as the Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) test are used to determine which specific groups differ from each other. This helps in identifying the pairs of groups between which the significant differences lie.

Question 9

A group of 52 participants was divided equally into 4 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?
A) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 10.9 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 6.1 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 20$
B) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 152 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 140 ; M S _ { \text {error } } = 130$
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

Both A and B describe situations where Mean 1 is significantly larger than Mean 2, as indicated by the Tukey HSD test results. The specific values of the means and the mean square error (MS_error) are not directly relevant to the conclusion of significance; what matters is the statistical test's outcome.

Question 10

A group of 36 subjects was equally divided into 3 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?
A) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 9 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 2 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 50$
B) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 24 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 14 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 84$
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A group of 36 subjects was equally...

Question 11

A group of 50 participants was divided equally into 5 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?
A) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 13 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 5 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 36$
B) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 54 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 36 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 240$
C) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 5 \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 2 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 40$
D) none of the other alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

The difference between the means (13 - 5 = 8) is large enough relative to the error term (MS_error = 36) to be significant at p < .05.

Question 12

A group of 72 participants was equally divided into four groups. A Tukey HSD test produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?
A) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 7 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 0 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 80$
B) $\bar { X } _ { 1 } = 24 , \bar { X } _ { 2 } = 13 , M S _ { \text {error } } = 180$
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

The Tukey HSD test requires the mean difference to be large relative to the error term (MS error) to conclude significance. In both options A and B, the mean differences are not large enough relative to the given MS error to achieve significance at p < .05.

Question 13

"Assumptions of the analysis of variance"deals with
A) whether the different levels of the independent variable produce sets of scores that are about equally variable
B) the form of the distribution of the dependent variable
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

The assumptions of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) include both the homogeneity of variances, which means that the different levels of the independent variable produce sets of scores that are about equally variable (A), and the normality assumption, which concerns the form of the distribution of the dependent variable (B). Therefore, both descriptive alternatives are correct.

Question 14

Which of the alternatives below describes a situation for which ANOVA would not be appropriate? A) the three population means are different B) the three population variances are very large C) one population variance is large, one small D) all of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the alternatives below describes a...

Question 15

For the probability figures in Table F to be accurate, the populations that the samples are drawn from should
A) have equal variances
B) have equal N's
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives is correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For the probability figures in Table F...

Question 16

For the probability figures in Table F to be accurate, the populations that the samples are drawn from should have
A) equal variances
B) equal means
C) equal N's
D) all of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

For probability figures in Table F (likely referring to F-distribution tables used in ANOVA or similar statistical tests) to be accurate, it's crucial that the populations the samples are drawn from have equal variances. This assumption of homogeneity of variances ensures that the statistical tests are valid.

Question 17

Random assignment of participants to conditions
A) produces variances that are about equal
B) produces distributions that are about normal
C) both of the descriptive alternatives are correct
D) neither of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment of participants to conditions does not guarantee that variances will be equal or that distributions will be normal. It is primarily used to ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any given condition, which helps in controlling for confounding variables and ensuring the groups are comparable at the start of the experiment.

Question 18

Random assignment of participants to conditions
A) produces variances that are about equal
B) produces distributions that are about normal
C) distributes the effect of extraneous variables equally
D) all of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment helps ensure that extraneous variables are distributed equally across conditions, minimizing their potential impact on the outcome.

Question 19

To distribute the effect of extraneous variables equally among treatments, you should
A) use random assignment of participants to conditions
B) have distributions that are about normal
C) have variances that are about equal
D) all of the descriptive alternatives are correct.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment of participants to conditions helps ensure that extraneous variables are distributed equally among the treatment groups, minimizing their potential impact on the experimental outcome.

Question 20

Cause and effect statements between the independent and dependent variable are strongest when
A) the distributions of the dependent variable are normal
B) participants have been assigned randomly to conditions
C) the distributions of the dependent variable have equal variances
D) there are three or more levels of the independent variable.

Accepted Answer

Random assignment of participants to conditions helps to ensure that any differences observed in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable, rather than other confounding variables. This strengthens the cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Quiz 11: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Classification

a priori and post hoc are terms that refer to

a priori and post hoc are terms that refer to

Which of the phrases does not belong?

Which of these phrases is not like the others; which of these phrases doesn't belong?

Planning a limited number of post-ANOVA tests before the data are gathered goes withtests, and choosing any and all differences to test after looking at the data goes with _________________tests.

"Do you know now, before any data are gathered, what pairwise comparisons you want to make? If the answer is yes, and the number is few, we go in one direction; if the answer is no, or `all of them', then we go in another direction."This is a discussion about

Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test is a(n) test.

If an ANOVA with four samples produces a significant F, you can find out which samples are significantly different from the others by

A group of 52 participants was divided equally into 4 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?

A group of 36 subjects was equally divided into 3 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?

A group of 50 participants was divided equally into 5 groups. A Tukey HSD produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?

A group of 72 participants was equally divided into four groups. A Tukey HSD test produced a value that led to the conclusion that Mean 1 was significantly larger than Mean 2, p < .05. Which of the following situations would lead to such a conclusion?

"Assumptions of the analysis of variance"deals with

Which of the alternatives below describes a situation for which ANOVA would not be appropriate?

For the probability figures in Table F to be accurate, the populations that the samples are drawn from should

For the probability figures in Table F to be accurate, the populations that the samples are drawn from should have

Random assignment of participants to conditions

Random assignment of participants to conditions

To distribute the effect of extraneous variables equally among treatments, you should

Cause and effect statements between the independent and dependent variable are strongest when