Question 1

The United States and other UN member states imposed economic sanctions against Iran due to its support of terrorism and pursuit of a nuclear program. What type of sanction is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The United States and other UN member...

Question 2

When states cannot convince the international community to take multilateral action against a violator, they might resort to extralegal ________, which includes support for domestic opposition groups or, in an extreme case, invasion.

Accepted Answer

Extralegal self-help refers to actions taken by states outside the framework of international law or established diplomatic procedures, such as supporting opposition groups or invading a country, when they cannot secure multilateral support against a violator.

Question 3

Policymakers might choose to use ________ in order to help make states participants in international law. An example of this is U.S. Secretary of State Albright's visit to North Korea in 2000 despite the fact that we have no embassy there.

Accepted Answer

De facto recognition involves treating a state or government as legitimate for practical purposes, even without formal legal acknowledgment. Secretary of State Albright's visit to North Korea, despite the absence of formal diplomatic relations (e.g., an embassy), is an example of engaging with a state in a manner that acknowledges its existence and sovereignty on a practical level, without necessarily granting it formal legal recognition.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an outstanding failure of international law, that unsuccessfully outlawed war.

Accepted Answer

The Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed in 1928, aimed to outlaw war as a means of national policy. Despite its ambitious goal, it failed to prevent the outbreak of World War II, making it an outstanding example of the limitations of international law in outlawing war.

Question 5

Which of the following sources of international law defines attacking harmless civilians as a war crime?

Accepted Answer

The Geneva Convention of 1949, specifically its protocols, explicitly defines the protection of civilian populations in times of war and outlines that attacking harmless civilians constitutes a war crime. This set of treaties and protocols were significantly expanded and refined after World War II to address the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war.

Question 6

Jus ad bellum establishes ________.

Accepted Answer

Jus ad bellum is a set of criteria that are to be consulted before engaging in war, in order to determine whether entering into war is justifiable. It deals with the conditions under which states may resort to war or use force and includes principles such as just cause, right intention, and proportionality.

Question 7

Jus in bello establishes ________.

Accepted Answer

Jus in bello refers to the legal and moral standards for behavior in war, focusing on how states and combatants should act once a conflict has begun.

Question 8

Which of the following was criticized as "visitors' justice" and set a precedent for many war crime trials?

Accepted Answer

The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials were criticized as "visitors' justice" because they were conducted by the Allied powers and were seen by some as victors imposing their own legal standards on the defeated, setting a precedent for subsequent war crime trials.

Question 9

What are the sources of international law? In other words, how is international law made? Once international law is made, how is it enforced? Who is in charge of enforcement and are certain types of enforcement better than others?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the sources of international law?...

Question 10

What are the various types of sanctions that are utilized in an effort to enforce international law? Which type is the most effective? Is one type effective in all situations? Why or why not? Use examples in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the various types of sanctions...

Question 11

What makes a state eligible to participate in international law? What are the two types of recognition and how are they similar or different from each other? Give examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What makes a state eligible to participate...

Question 12

Discuss how states use the sanction called "self-help." Does it violate international law? Give examples. How did the United States deal with the problem of terrorism with the help of this sanction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how states use the sanction called...

Question 13

Discuss the Geneva Convention, jus ad bellum, and jus in bello. What are the essential elements of each of these? What effect has this had on the occurrence and conduct of war? Have they been effective or not? Use examples in your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the Geneva Convention, jus ad bellum,...

Quiz 19: The Uses of International Law