Question 1

The "framing effect" is the tendency to do what?

Accepted Answer

The framing effect is the tendency for people's choices to be affected by how information is presented or framed. When information is presented in different ways, people may make different choices even if the information is otherwise identical.

Question 2

​What evidence argues against the idea that practicing music improves hearing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​What evidence argues against the idea that...

Question 3

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?​

Accepted Answer

The action of continuing to play a boring video game despite not enjoying it because it was expensive and not wanting to waste the money is an example of the sunk cost effect. This effect refers to the tendency for people to continue investing time, money, or effort into an activity or decision, even if it is no longer rational, because they have already sunk costs into it.

Question 4

Under which circumstances are people most likely to make a risky decision?​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Under which circumstances are people most likely to make a risky decision?​
...

Question 5

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?​

Accepted Answer

This shows the sunk cost effect, where you are more likely to continue with a decision, despite it not being the optimal choice, because you have already invested time, effort or money into it. In this case, waiting in line for an hour was the sunk cost that influenced the decision to purchase the ticket anyway.

Question 6

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?​​

Accepted Answer

The framing effect refers to the way information is presented (framed) affecting decision-making or judgments. Choice A illustrates this by showing how the same outcome (a change in points) is perceived differently when framed as a loss versus a gain.

Question 7

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?​

Accepted Answer

Laszlo Polgar believed that anyone can become an expert in any field with enough effort, and he wanted to prove this theory with his daughters. He chose chess as the field of expertise because it requires strategic thinking and can be learned through practice and study, rather than innate talent.

Question 8

If you are trying to think of uses for a balloon and you cannot think of anything other than entertaining children, which tendency have you demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

The tendency demonstrated is functional fixedness, which is the inability to see an object as having a use other than its usual function. In this case, the balloon is seen only as a tool for entertaining children and not for any other purpose. The other options are not relevant in this scenario.

Question 9

​Athletes,computer programmers,and weather forecasters improve with practice.Psychotherapists and political decision makers show less improvement with practice.Why?

Accepted Answer

Psychotherapists and political decision makers are dealing with complex, subjective events that do not always provide quick, objective feedback about success or failure. Therefore, practice may not be as effective in improving their performance as it is for athletes, computer programmers, and weather forecasters who receive immediate feedback on their performance.

Question 10

To develop expertise at something,what type of practice do you need?​

Accepted Answer

Practice with feedback about success is crucial for developing expertise because it allows you to identify and correct mistakes, and reinforces successful strategies. This enables you to continually improve and refine your skills. Options A and D limit the scope of practice, while option B does not provide enough regular feedback to facilitate learning.

Question 11

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?​

Accepted Answer

Expert athletes or musicians usually spend their practice time on improving the skills they perform worst. By identifying the weaker areas of their skillset, they can address their shortcomings and work on improving them, which helps them perform better overall. This approach also helps them stay challenged and motivated to keep getting better.

Question 12

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, what is necessary for developing expertise?

Accepted Answer

Developing expertise in any field requires many years of dedicated practice and focused effort. This is true for activities like chess and violin where mastery requires a significant amount of training and repetition. While interest and intelligence may contribute to overall success, they are not necessarily the most important factors in developing expertise. Acute vision and hearing may be advantageous in certain activities, but are not essential for expertise in chess or violin.

Question 13

If you need something to stir your soup and you overlook the possibility of using a paintbrush, what tendency have you demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

The tendency demonstrated in this scenario is functional fixedness, which is the inability to see an object used in a new and different way from its intended purpose. In this case, the paintbrush could also be used as a stirring tool, but the person overlooks this possibility due to their fixed idea of the paintbrush being only used for painting.

Question 14

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?​

Accepted Answer

Psychologists now understand that some people are able to develop expertise faster than others, and that individual differences in factors such as innate ability, motivation, and learning strategies can influence the rate and success of skill acquisition. The previously held view of a universal 10,000-hour rule for expertise development has also been criticized and revised.

Question 15

Most people prefer an action that definitely saves 200 lives instead of one with a one-third chance of saving 600 lives.What would probably change their preference?

Accepted Answer

People are more likely to take risks when the situation is framed in terms of avoiding loss rather than gaining something. By reframing the question in terms of avoiding the loss of lives, people may be more willing to take the riskier option with a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. The other options do not address this underlying psychological bias.

Question 16

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?​

Accepted Answer

The sunk cost effect is the tendency to continue investing time, money, or resources into something because you have already invested in it, even if it is no longer rational to do so. This can lead to continuing to do something unpleasant just because you have already paid for it.

Question 17

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?​

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the current view about why...

Question 18

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?​

Accepted Answer

Practice is necessary for the development of expertise, but not everyone will reach expertise at the same rate. This is because there are different factors that influence the speed and depth of learning, such as motivation, quality of feedback, and individual learning style. Therefore, it is not enough to simply accumulate a certain number of practice hours to become an expert. Rather, deliberate practice, which involves setting challenging goals, receiving constructive feedback, and refining skills incrementally, is more likely to lead to mastery.

Question 19

​Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

Accepted Answer

The framing effect refers to how the presentation of information can influence how people make decisions. Option B is an example of the framing effect because it shows that people may take more risk to avoid a loss than to gain something, which can be influenced by how the options are presented or framed. Option A is an example of stereotyping, option C is an example of overlooking a solution or creativity, and option D is an example of the primacy effect.

Question 20

​As a rule,when does someone develop expertise in a given field?

Accepted Answer

While some may develop expertise quickly, the average amount of time it takes to develop expertise in a given field is about ten years. However, people do vary in their rate of progress and in their ultimate level of expertise. D is incorrect - while some people may have natural talents, expertise still requires practice and effort. A is also incorrect, as one year is generally not enough time to fully develop expertise in a given field. B is partially correct, as ten years is about the average time it takes to develop expertise, but it is not true that almost anyone will do so after that period of time.

Quiz 8: Cognition and Language

The "framing effect" is the tendency to do what?

​What evidence argues against the idea that practicing music improves hearing?

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?​

Under which circumstances are people most likely to make a risky decision?​

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?​

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?​​

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?​

If you are trying to think of uses for a balloon and you cannot think of anything other than entertaining children, which tendency have you demonstrated?

​Athletes,computer programmers,and weather forecasters improve with practice.Psychotherapists and political decision makers show less improvement with practice.Why?

To develop expertise at something,what type of practice do you need?​

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?​

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, what is necessary for developing expertise?

If you need something to stir your soup and you overlook the possibility of using a paintbrush, what tendency have you demonstrated?

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?​

Most people prefer an action that definitely saves 200 lives instead of one with a one-third chance of saving 600 lives.What would probably change their preference?

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?​

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?​

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?​

​Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

​As a rule,when does someone develop expertise in a given field?

What evidence argues against the idea that practicing music improves hearing?

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?

Under which circumstances are people most likely to make a risky decision?

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?

Athletes,computer programmers,and weather forecasters improve with practice.Psychotherapists and political decision makers show less improvement with practice.Why?

To develop expertise at something,what type of practice do you need?

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?

In what way have psychologists revised their view about practice in the development of expertise?

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?

What is the role of practice in development of expertise?

Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

As a rule,when does someone develop expertise in a given field?