Question 1

Contrary to the established criminological theories that explain motivation, environmental criminology begins with the assumption that

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

The rational-choice perspective is based on what two main theoretical approaches?

Accepted Answer

The rational-choice perspective in criminology and sociology is primarily based on utilitarianism, which suggests that individuals make decisions based on the maximization of pleasure over pain, and economic choice theory, which posits that individuals make rational choices to maximize their benefits while minimizing costs. These two approaches emphasize the rational, calculated nature of decision-making, particularly in the context of committing crimes or engaging in certain behaviors.

Question 3

The rational-choice perspective assumes that

Accepted Answer

The rational-choice perspective posits that individuals make decisions to commit crimes based on a conscious choice, weighing the risks and benefits, and acting out of free will with specific goals or outcomes in mind.

Question 4

From the rational-choice perspective, characteristics fall into what two distinct categories?

Accepted Answer

Rational-choice perspective in criminology suggests that individuals weigh the costs and benefits before engaging in criminal behavior. Thus, it considers characteristics of the offender (such as their motivations and resources) and characteristics of the offense (such as the potential rewards and risks).

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the components of the routine-activity approach?

Accepted Answer

The routine-activity approach, which is a perspective in criminology, identifies three elements necessary for a crime to occur: a suitable target, a likely offender, and the absence of a capable guardian. Monetary yield per crime is not considered a component of this approach.

Question 6

Who developed the routine-activity approach?

Accepted Answer

Cohen and Felson developed the routine-activity approach, which focuses on the circumstances that make it more likely for crimes to occur, emphasizing the importance of a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian in the environment.

Question 7

The routine-activity approach does not explore

Accepted Answer

The answer of The routine-activity approach does not explore
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Question 8

Tactical displacement, one of the five forms of displacement identified by Marcus Felson and Ronald Clarke, means that _____.

Accepted Answer

Tactical displacement refers to the change in the method used to commit a crime, substituting one technique for another.

Question 9

Wright and Decker found that street robbers frequently victimize all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Gamblers are not frequently victimized by street robbers because they are often armed and dangerous.

Question 10

What acronym did Clarke use to describe hot products?

Accepted Answer

CRAVED is the acronym used by Clarke to describe hot products, standing for Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable.

Question 11

The history of victims in criminology can be traced to an article published in 1941 by which individual?

Accepted Answer

Hans von Hentig is credited with publishing an article in 1941 that contributed to the study of victims in criminology.

Question 12

The term "victimology" was coined in 1947 by

Accepted Answer

Beniamin Mendelsohn, a Romanian lawyer, is credited with coining the term "victimology" in 1947, marking the study of victims and their patterns within the context of criminology.

Question 13

A "lifestyle theory of victimization" was developed by _____ in 1978.

Accepted Answer

The "lifestyle theory of victimization" was developed by Hindelang, Gottfredson, and Garofalo in 1978. This theory suggests that individuals' lifestyle choices can influence their likelihood of becoming victims of crime.

Question 14

The term "victim precipitation" was coined by

Accepted Answer

Marvin Wolfgang introduced the concept of "victim precipitation" in the study of criminology, suggesting that victims might play a role in the crime that occurs.

Question 15

James Tedeschi and Richard Felson put forward a theory of

Accepted Answer

James Tedeschi and Richard Felson are known for their work on the theory of coercive actions, which focuses on the dynamics of power and aggression in social interactions.

Question 16

In their analysis of repeat victimization, researchers concluded that the __________ theory of offender decision making is useful in understanding repeat victimization.

Accepted Answer

The rational-choice theory of offender decision making is useful in understanding repeat victimization because it suggests that offenders make calculated decisions to commit crimes based on the perceived risks, rewards, and effort involved, which can lead to repeatedly targeting the same victims if they are seen as easy or profitable targets.

Question 17

Measures such as steering-column locks, vandal-resistant construction, enhanced street lighting, and improved library checkout systems that demonstrably decrease opportunities for crime are known as _____.

Accepted Answer

These measures are examples of target-hardening techniques, which aim to make it more difficult for crimes to be committed by increasing the effort needed to carry out the crime.

Question 18

Who proposed the concept of "defensible space"?

Accepted Answer

Oscar Newman proposed the concept of "defensible space," which is a model for residential environments that inhibit crime by creating physical expressions of social fabric that allow residents to control areas around their homes.

Question 19

_____ theory looks at crime in terms of an offender's decision to commit a specific offense at a particular time and place.

Accepted Answer

Rational-choice theory focuses on the decision-making process of the offender, considering the crime as a result of a conscious choice to achieve specific goals, weighing the risks and benefits.

Question 20

__________ is the commission of a quantitatively similar crime at a different time or place.

Accepted Answer

Displacement refers to the commission of a similar crime at a different time or place, often as a result of increased enforcement or prevention efforts in the original location.

Quiz 9: Theories of Crime, Place, and Victimization