Question 1

__________ sustains the benefits of growing up in an economically advantaged family and can reduce the negative impact of a stressed,poverty-stricken home life.

Accepted Answer

Good child care can provide a stable and supportive environment for children, which can help neutralize some of the negative effects of stress and poverty in their home life. Additionally, high-quality child care programs can offer intellectually stimulating activities that can help close the achievement gap between economically disadvantaged children and their more affluent peers. Even low-quality child care may be better than no child care, but it may not have the same impact as good child care. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles are unrelated to the benefits of high-quality child care.

Question 2

Efforts to teach language to nonhuman primates __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that while some nonhuman primates can learn to use symbols or signs to communicate basic ideas, they do not demonstrate the ability to master the complex grammar and syntax that characterize human language.

Question 3

Dr.Hahn believes that language is etched into the structure of the brain.Dr.Hahn endorses the __________ perspective of language development.

Accepted Answer

The nativist perspective of language development posits that humans are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that allows us to quickly and easily learn language. This perspective aligns with Dr. Hahn's belief that language is etched into the structure of the brain, indicating that language ability cannot solely be attributed to environmental factors or learned behavior.

Question 4

Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills during the preschool,elementary,and secondary school years.

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that poor-quality child care negatively affects the cognitive, language, academic, and social skills of infants and young children during their preschool, elementary, and secondary school years.

Question 5

A recent evaluation showed that by age 3,children in Early Head Start __________.

Accepted Answer

The evaluation showed that children in Early Head Start demonstrated gains in cognitive and language development by age 3, indicating the program's effectiveness in promoting early childhood development. The other options are not supported by the evaluation findings.

Question 6

Two-year-old Devin probably __________.

Accepted Answer

At two years old, Devin is likely combining two words when speaking, such as "more milk" or "big dog". This is a typical language development milestone for toddlers. Option A is inaccurate as the average two-year-old understands about 300-500 words. Option B is also incorrect as toddlers at this age typically speak using two-word phrases only. Option C may vary depending on the child, but mispronunciations are common at this age.

Question 7

According to Noam Chomsky,all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky is known for his theory of language acquisition, which proposes that all children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) in their brain. This device contains a universal grammar that allows children to learn and understand the basic principles of language, regardless of their native language or culture. Therefore, the correct answer is A) language acquisition. The other choices, such as listening, speaking, and neurotransmission, may be involved in the process of language acquisition, but they do not fully capture Chomsky's theory of the LAD and universal grammar.

Question 8

The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the amount and quality of language input that children receive from their caregivers, particularly in the form of talking directly to infants and toddlers, strongly influences their language development in the early years of life. Providing toys and activities, teaching letters and sounds, and speaking to other adults can also be beneficial, but talking to young children is the most important factor.

Question 9

In contrast to the United States,most European countries __________.

Accepted Answer

Unlike the United States, most European countries have national regulations for child care to ensure its quality. They often require caregivers to have special training in child development and offer government-subsidized child care to all families, not just those from low-SES backgrounds.

Question 10

Early intervention programs __________.

Accepted Answer

Early intervention programs are designed to serve economically at-risk children and their parents, providing them with the necessary resources and support to improve their life outcomes. These programs typically begin at a very young age and can have a significant impact on future success.

Question 11

Although the __________ is biased for language processing,if it is injured in the early years,other regions take over.

Accepted Answer

The left hemisphere of the brain is typically responsible for language processing in most individuals. However, if it is damaged or injured in the early years, other regions of the brain may compensate for this loss and take over language processing functions.

Question 12

Research examining the language competence of deaf adults found that __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that childhood is a sensitive period for language acquisition, and this includes sign language for deaf individuals. Those who learn sign language earlier in life tend to have better language competence than those who begin later in life. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it reflects the findings of the research. Option C is incorrect as it states the opposite of what is true. Option A is also incorrect as it oversimplifies the process of language acquisition, and option D is too broad as it does not specifically address the language competence of deaf individuals.

Question 13

Infant intelligence tests are somewhat better at making long-term predictions for __________ babies.

Accepted Answer

Infant intelligence tests tend to be better at predicting long-term outcomes for extremely low-scoring babies, as they are more likely to have significant developmental delays or disabilities that will have lasting effects on their intelligence and cognitive abilities. Babies who score within the average to high range on infant intelligence tests may not show significant differences in intelligence or cognitive abilities in the long-term, making predictions less reliable.

Question 14

Middle-income parents are especially likely to place their children in __________ child-care settings,where quality tends to be lowest.

Accepted Answer

Middle-income families may not be eligible for government subsidies for child care, but also may not be able to afford high-quality, expensive options. As a result, they may turn to for-profit child-care settings, which tend to have lower quality care than nonprofit or high-end options. This is due to factors such as understaffing, high caregiver turnover, and lower levels of training and education for staff. Therefore, C) for-profit is the best choice.

Question 15

Chomsky believed that children __________.

Accepted Answer

Chomsky believed in the theory of "universal grammar," which suggests that all humans have an innate ability to understand and create language. According to Chomsky, children don't have to be explicitly taught the complex rules of grammar, they can understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words.

Question 16

Chomsky's LAD is a(n)__________.

Accepted Answer

Chomsky's LAD (Language Acquisition Device) is an innate language system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion. It is not a device that allows parents to directly teach language to children, a linguistic tutoring device by which parents provide children assistance in learning grammatical rules, or a computer device that attempts to generate linguistic rules.

Question 17

Matt is looking for child care for his 1-year-old daughter,Emmalyn.You can tell him to look for a __________.

Accepted Answer

A consistent daily schedule that is flexible enough to meet the needs of individual children is important for a 1-year-old's development. A for-profit center may not necessarily have the highest quality, as quality childcare can be found in both for-profit and non-profit settings. Centers where parents have to make appointments to visit during the day may be hiding something or not want parents to see what is actually happening during the day. A crowded setting may indicate popularity, but it could also mean that there are too many children and not enough staff to properly care for them.

Question 18

The strongest effects of Early Head Start programs occurred at sites __________.

Accepted Answer

According to the text, the strongest effects of Early Head Start programs were observed at sites that offered both center-based and home-visiting services, indicating that a combination of the two approaches was more effective than relying on just one of them. The text does not provide information suggesting that the program's effects were significantly different based on the setting (urban vs. rural) or whether home-visiting services were provided.

Question 19

Challenges to Chomsky's theory suggest that __________.

Accepted Answer

Chomsky's theory emphasizes innate structures and mechanisms for language acquisition, but challenges suggest that environmental factors and learning play a larger role than he proposed.

Question 20

The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)is a checklist for __________.

Accepted Answer

The HOME checklist is used to gather information about the quality of a child's home life, including the physical environment, emotional support, and opportunities for learning and stimulation. It is not used for determining mental development, making long-term predictions about intelligence, or measuring cognitive skills.

Quiz 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood