Question 1

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that __________.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural evidence suggests that attachment patterns may have to be interpreted differently in different cultures. For example, Japanese infants may show less outward display of attachment behaviors due to the cultural emphasis on emotional restraint. Therefore, it is important to take cultural context into account when assessing attachment patterns. Option B and C are not completely correct because cultural variations in attachment have been found, but the specifics mentioned in those options are not entirely accurate. Option D is incorrect because there are indeed significant cultural variations in attachment patterns.

Question 2

Yvonne adopted her son,Sam,from an orphanage in the Ukraine,where he spent his first three years.As a result of his long institutional stay,Sam is likely to have a larger than average __________,and perform poorly on tasks requiring __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children who experience institutionalization for a prolonged period of time are more likely to have reduced activity in the amygdala, which is responsible for emotional self-regulation. They may also have difficulties with social and emotional development.

Question 3

In the Strange Situation,Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base.When separated,Bernadette does not cry,but when her mother returns,Bernadette smiles and quickly crawls to her.Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.

Accepted Answer

Bernadette's use of her mother as a secure base, her lack of distress when separated, and her quick positive response upon reunion all suggest she has developed a secure attachment with her mother. This is the most likely option based on the information given.

Question 4

Three-year-old J'Marcus asks his grandma to read him a story before she leaves him at daycare.J'Marcus is in Bowlby's __________ phase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Three-year-old J'Marcus asks his grandma to read...

Question 5

In Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase,babies display __________.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's "clear-cut" attachment phase occurs between 6 to 18 months of age and is characterized by separation anxiety, where the infant becomes distressed when separated from the primary caregiver. Stranger anxiety (B) and social referencing (C) can occur earlier, during the "attachment-in-the-making" phase, while goodness of fit (D) refers to how well the child's temperament matches the demands and expectations of their environment and is not directly related to attachment phases.

Question 6

The Attachment Q-Sort __________.

Accepted Answer

The Attachment Q-Sort requires either a parent or an observer to categorize 90 descriptive behaviors, making it distinct from the other options listed.

Question 7

The __________ taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.

Accepted Answer

The Attachment Q-Sort is designed to tap a wider array of attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation. It assesses a child's attachment patterns in everyday settings and provides a more nuanced view of the child's attachment style.

Question 8

The __________ attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity.

Accepted Answer

The disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern reflects the greatest insecurity because it is characterized by a lack of coherent and consistent patterns of behavior in response to stressful situations. Individuals with this attachment style may display contradictory and confused behaviors, such as approaching their caregiver for comfort but then freezing or turning away when they receive it. This suggests a significant level of fear and confusion in the attachment relationship.

Question 9

Baby Aiden smiles,laughs,and babbles freely when interacting with his mother and quiets quickly when she picks him up.He does not protest when separated from her.According to Bowlby,Aiden is in the __________ phase.

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby, the "attachment-in-the-making" phase occurs from around 6 weeks to 6-8 months, where infants begin to show a preference for familiar people and develop trust, but do not yet show separation anxiety. Aiden's behavior aligns with this phase.

Question 10

In Bowlby's theory,babies in the preattachment phase __________.

Accepted Answer

In the preattachment phase, infants do not yet have a strong attachment to their primary caregiver(s) and do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. A and B describe behaviors seen in the later stages of attachment formation, and C is not accurate as infants show a preference for their mother's smell and voice even from birth.

Question 11

__________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

Accepted Answer

Sensitive caregiving, or the ability of the caregiver to respond appropriately to the infant's signals and provide comfort and security, has been found to be moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and socioeconomic status (SES) groups. This has been shown in numerous studies, including those conducted by Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues. While goodness of fit, social referencing, and interactional synchrony are all important for healthy attachment development, they are not as consistently related to attachment security across different cultural and SES contexts.

Question 12

In the Strange Situation,Philip seeks closeness to his mother and often fails to explore.When his mother leaves,Philip is distressed,and on her return he alternately clings to her and hits her.Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.

Accepted Answer

Philip's behavior of seeking closeness to his mother and becoming distressed when she leaves, as well as hitting her upon her return, are indicative of insecurity in his attachment. Specifically, his behavior of alternately clinging to and hitting his mother suggests that he has an insecure-resistant attachment style. This is characterized by ambivalence towards the caregiver, and difficulty balancing the desire for closeness with the fear of rejection.

Question 13

Children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages __________.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages show greatly elevated rates of attachment insecurity, even after adoption.

Question 14

Quality of attachment is usually secure and stable for __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that middle-SES (socioeconomic status) babies experiencing favorable life conditions are more likely to form secure and stable attachments due to factors such as consistent caregiving and a predictable environment. Babies of depressed mothers, babies who have experienced maltreatment, and low-SES babies from families with many daily stressors are more likely to have insecure attachments.

Question 15

In all societies studied,the most common attachment quality is the __________ pattern.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that in all societies studied, the most common attachment pattern is the secure pattern. This pattern is characterized by a trusting and positive relationship between the infant and caregiver, with the infant feeling comfortable exploring their environment while knowing the caregiver is available and responsive when needed. Insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant patterns are less common, while the disorganized/disoriented pattern is the least prevalent.

Question 16

In the Strange Situation,infants with insecure-avoidant attachment __________.

Accepted Answer

Infants with insecure-avoidant attachment seem unresponsive to the parent when the parent is present. They also do not seek contact with the parent and may ignore them or turn away if approached.

Question 17

According to Bowlby,the __________ becomes a vital part of personality,serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's concept of the internal working model refers to the cognitive representations that individuals develop about themselves and others in close relationships based on their attachment experiences in infancy. This internal working model serves as a guide for all future close relationships, which suggests that intimate styles are relatively stable over time.

Question 18

Although __________ family-reared babies become attached to a familiar caregiver by __________,the quality of this relationship varies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although __________ family-reared babies become attached to...

Question 19

Erika becomes upset when her father leaves.When her father is present,Erika approaches,follows,and climbs on him in preference to others.Erika is most likely in Bowlby's __________ phase.

Accepted Answer

In the "clear-cut" attachment phase, the infant shows a strong preference for a primary attachment figure (in this case, Erika's father) and becomes upset when they leave. Erika's behavior of approaching, following, and climbing on her father in preference to others indicates that she has formed a strong attachment to him.

Question 20

During Bowlby's __________ phase,children negotiate with the caregiver,using requests and persuasion to alter their goals.

Accepted Answer

During the formation of a reciprocal relationship phase, which occurs around 6-8 months, infants actively engage in interactions with their primary caregiver and use requests and persuasion to achieve their goals. This is a key step in the development of attachment and the beginning of a mutually responsive relationship between the infant and caregiver. The other options listed are different phases in Bowlby's attachment theory and do not involve negotiation between infant and caregiver.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood