Question 1

Which statement about attribution retraining is true?

Accepted Answer

Attribution retraining is most effective when begun early, before children’s views of themselves become hard to change. This allows children to develop a growth mindset, wherein they understand that abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work, rather than being fixed traits. This also helps in building the belief that failure is not permanent and can be overcome with effort.

Question 2

Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________,even when no adult is present.

Accepted Answer

At ten years old, children are developing a sense of competence and self-esteem, and they are likely to feel pride in their accomplishments as they gain new skills and achieve goals.

Question 3

School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n)__________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

Accepted Answer

Parents who use authoritative child-rearing style balance warmth and responsiveness with appropriate control and limit-setting. This helps children develop a strong sense of attachment security and leads to positive outcomes, including higher self-esteem and healthy emotional regulation.

Question 4

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort.This approach is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

The approach described is known as attribution retraining, which focuses on changing an individual's beliefs about the causes of their successes and failures. Achievement motivation is a broader concept that encompasses the desire and drive to achieve success, while identity achievement pertains to developing a clear and stable sense of one's own identity. Vicarious learning is a type of learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.

Question 5

Despite their higher achievement,__________ often attribute poor performance to lack of __________.

Accepted Answer

Girls often attribute poor performance to lack of ability, reflecting a common trend where girls might perform well academically but still have lower confidence in their abilities compared to boys.

Question 6

Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

Accepted Answer

Pride and guilt are self-conscious emotions that serve different functions in middle childhood. Pride can motivate children to take on new challenges and continue their efforts, while guilt can lead to self-reflection and efforts to improve oneself or make amends, thus promoting moral development and social harmony.

Question 7

Between the ages of 6 and 12,children become more aware __________.

Accepted Answer

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children develop a more nuanced understanding of emotions, including the ability to recognize and understand mixed emotions, which are emotions that can be experienced simultaneously in response to a situation. This understanding reflects their growing cognitive and emotional maturity.

Question 8

When John succeeds,his father says,"You're so smart!" However,when he fails,his father says,"You can't do that,can you? It's okay if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a __________.

Accepted Answer

John's father's messages only praise his intelligence when he succeeds and suggests quitting when he fails, which can lead John to believe that his abilities are fixed and only determined by his intelligence rather than effort and hard work. This can lead to a fixed view of ability, where John may avoid challenging tasks or risks to avoid failure and maintain his perceived intelligence.

Question 9

Mr.and Mrs.Rodriguez want to foster a positive,secure self-image in their son.Which approach would you suggest?

Accepted Answer

Encouraging a child to strive for worthwhile goals helps build self-esteem by giving them a sense of accomplishment and worth. This approach also promotes a growth mindset and teaches children that their efforts can lead to success. Option A may lead to an overdependence on others and limit the child's decision-making skills, while option B may lead to a dependency on external validation. Option D may be too demanding and can lead to feelings of inadequacy if the child is unable to meet the high expectations set for them.

Question 10

Loren needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth.His parents are probably __________.

Accepted Answer

Loren's need for constant reassurance and heavy reliance on peers for affirmation of his self-worth suggests that his parents might be repeatedly disapproving and insulting. This behavior can lead to a lack of self-confidence and an external search for validation.

Question 11

Which statement about influences on achievement-related attributions is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when girls do not do well, they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault, whereas boys are more likely to receive feedback about effort or lack of effort. This can lead to girls attributing their failures to lack of ability and feeling less confident about their intelligence and abilities.

Question 12

Excessive guilt is linked to __________.

Accepted Answer

Excessive guilt is often associated with depressive symptoms, such as feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, and self-blame. While intentional wrongdoing, lying, and cheating can also lead to guilt, they do not necessarily result in "excessive" guilt, which is often a hallmark of depression. Ignoring responsibilities, on the other hand, may cause feelings of anxiety or stress, but may not necessarily lead to feelings of guilt.

Question 13

Natasha's parents are indulgent.As a result,she probably __________.

Accepted Answer

Indulgent parenting often leads to children with unrealistically high self-esteem as they are not taught to adequately evaluate their behavior and are praised excessively for even mediocre achievements.

Question 14

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions,crediting their successes to __________.

Accepted Answer

Children who have high academic self-esteem and motivation usually make mastery-oriented attributions, which means they attribute their successes to their ability and efforts rather than luck or external factors. Option A, learned-helpless attributions, is a negative attribution which states that one believes their successes or failures are due to factors beyond their control. Option C, externally focused attributions, credits success to external factors such as other individuals, environment or situation. Option D, achievement-related attributions, is too broad and does not specify the type of attribution made by children with high academic self-esteem and motivation.

Question 15

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures,not their successes,to ability.

Accepted Answer

Children who develop learned helplessness tend to attribute their failures to a lack of ability, rather than external factors or effort. This can lead to a belief that their abilities are fixed and cannot be improved upon, and a reduced motivation to strive for success in the future.

Question 16

__________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.

Accepted Answer

Process praise, or praising the effort and strategies used to achieve a goal, is the type of praise that implies competence develops through effort. This is in contrast to person praise, which focuses on innate abilities and can lead to a fixed mindset. Indulgent praise and inconsistent praise do not have the same implication about the development of competence.

Question 17

When Desiree gets an A in language arts,she assumes it was pure luck.Desiree probably __________.

Accepted Answer

When Desiree assumes that her A was pure luck, she is displaying the characteristics of a learned-helpless child. This means that she does not believe her actions or effort can impact her academic success and instead attributes it to external factors such as luck.

Question 18

Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________.

Accepted Answer

As children develop, they are more likely to explain emotions by referencing internal states, such as thoughts and feelings, as opposed to external events or observable characteristics. Therefore, D is the most likely choice for the developmental difference between 11-year-old Darwin and 6-year-old Janeen in their explanations of emotions.

Question 19

Asians attend more to __________ than to __________.

Accepted Answer

Asians tend to focus more on failure than success, as they often view failure as an opportunity for improvement and learning.

Question 20

When Gwen does not do as well as Lela on a math test,she says,"Lela got lucky.I know I'm the best math student in the class and I studied for two nights!" Gwen is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Gwen is making attributions, which means she is attributing Lela's success to luck instead of recognizing her own shortcomings or recognizing that Lela may have actually studied hard as well.

Quiz 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood