Question 1

A major genetic cause of lung damage due to destruction of the alveolar walls is deficiency of the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT). AAT is an enzyme that inhibits the activity of another protein. What protein is most likely the normally-inhibited target of AAT?

Accepted Answer

Alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) inhibits elastase, an elastin-specific protease, which can cause lung damage if not properly regulated.

Question 2

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why), or will Tom already be dead (and why)?

Accepted Answer

Tom will be alive since the body has a reserve of oxygen bound to hemoglobin, which can sustain him for a few minutes even if he is not breathing.

Question 3

If each human lung contains about 300 million alveoli with a summed total surface area for gas exchange of 40 square meters, what is the approximate surface area of a single alveolus?

Accepted Answer

The total surface area of 40 square meters is equivalent to 40,000,000 square millimeters. Dividing this by 300 million alveoli gives approximately 0.133 square millimeters per alveolus.

Question 4

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Accepted Answer

The correct order is skin -> intercostal muscles -> parietal pleural membrane -> pleural cavity -> visceral pleural membrane -> lung tissue.

Question 5

Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?

Accepted Answer

CO binds to hemoglobin with a much higher affinity than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and leads to tissue hypoxia and potentially death.

Question 6

In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his record-setting, seven Tour de France titles and banned for life from competitive cycling because of his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). One of the PEDs Armstrong was accused of taking is erythropoietin (EPO). Why would systematic use of this PED give Armstrong an unfair advantage in a bike race?

Accepted Answer

EPO stimulates red blood cell production, which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, enhancing endurance and performance in endurance sports like cycling.

Question 7

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The graph below can be used to...

Question 8

The benefit provided by all hearts with two atria is

Accepted Answer

The presence of two atria allows for efficient separation and pumping of blood, enabling high-pressure delivery to body tissues.

Question 9

Jim is suffering from congestive heart failure, in which blood flow is backed up in his lungs and excess fluid is escaping the blood and accumulating in his lung tissue. If untreated, increasing pulmonary edema will lead to death by suffocation. What is the most-likely cause of Jim's congestive heart failure?

Accepted Answer

When the left ventricle fails to contract effectively, it leads to a backup of blood in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema, which is consistent with Jim's symptoms.

Question 10

Under what circumstance would your body experience an increase in erythropoietin secretion?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin secretion increases in response to low oxygen levels in the blood, which can occur when moving to a high-altitude location like Denver, where the air has less oxygen.

Question 11

Blood returning to the left atrium of a frog heart has just come from ________________.

Accepted Answer

In frogs, blood returning to the left atrium comes from the lungs and the skin, as both are involved in gas exchange.

Question 12

The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle is more muscular because it needs to pump blood throughout the entire body at high pressure, whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs.

Question 13

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Accepted Answer

If the SA node and AV node fired simultaneously, it could lead to inefficient heart contractions, reducing the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles.

Question 14

Refer to the diagram below.  What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Refer to the diagram below.  What...

Question 15

In the blood clotting cascade mechanism, what is the first event that occurs following injury to a blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the blood clotting cascade mechanism, what...

Question 16

The cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles of the heart in the time interval of one minute. What factor most limits a person's maximal increase in cardiac output during exercise?

Accepted Answer

As heart rate increases during exercise, the time available for the heart chambers to fill with blood decreases, which can limit the maximal increase in cardiac output.

Question 17

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

Accepted Answer

The numbers in a blood pressure reading represent the pressure in the artery during ventricular contraction (systolic pressure) and the pressure during ventricular relaxation (diastolic pressure).

Question 18

The brachial artery is the major artery in your upper arm. The figure below shows the blood pressure in the brachial artery of an average young adult, as it oscillates between the systolic pressure (120 mm Hg) and the diastolic pressure (75 mm Hg).
 Superimposed on the right side of the graph is a tracing of the pressure in the left ventricle, which drops to close to zero mm Hg during diastole. What prevents the blood pressure in the brachial artery from similarly dropping to almost zero during diastole?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The brachial artery is the major artery...

Question 19

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

Accepted Answer

The left ventricle has the thickest wall because it needs to pump blood to the entire body, which requires more force compared to the other chambers.

Question 20

If an arteriole has a radius of 48 micrometers ($\mu$m) and a capillary in the same organ has a radius of 8 $\mu$m, what is the difference in resistance in blood flow between the two?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If an arteriole has a radius of...

Quiz 29: Fueling the Bodys Metabolism

A major genetic cause of lung damage due to destruction of the alveolar walls is deficiency of the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) . AAT is an enzyme that inhibits the activity of another protein. What protein is most likely the normally-inhibited target of AAT?

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why) , or will Tom already be dead (and why) ?

If each human lung contains about 300 million alveoli with a summed total surface area for gas exchange of 40 square meters, what is the approximate surface area of a single alveolus?

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

The benefit provided by all hearts with two atria is

Under what circumstance would your body experience an increase in erythropoietin secretion?

Blood returning to the left atrium of a frog heart has just come from ________________.

The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

In the blood clotting cascade mechanism, what is the first event that occurs following injury to a blood vessel?

The cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles of the heart in the time interval of one minute. What factor most limits a person's maximal increase in cardiac output during exercise?

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

If an arteriole has a radius of 48 micrometers ( $\mu$ m) and a capillary in the same organ has a radius of 8 $\mu$ m, what is the difference in resistance in blood flow between the two?

Quiz 29: Fueling the Bodys Metabolism

A major genetic cause of lung damage due to destruction of the alveolar walls is deficiency of the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT) . AAT is an enzyme that inhibits the activity of another protein. What protein is most likely the normally-inhibited target of AAT?

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics three and a half minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why) , or will Tom already be dead (and why) ?

If each human lung contains about 300 million alveoli with a summed total surface area for gas exchange of 40 square meters, what is the approximate surface area of a single alveolus?

What is the order of structures or spaces that a surgeon will pass through to operate on a human lung?

Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?

The graph below can be used to understand the forces underlying the movement of fluid between the blood and the interstitial fluid. What is a true statement concerning these processes?

The benefit provided by all hearts with two atria is

Under what circumstance would your body experience an increase in erythropoietin secretion?

Blood returning to the left atrium of a frog heart has just come from ________________.

The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because

What would happen if your SA node and AV node fired at same time?

Refer to the diagram below. What is the correct order of structures in the electrical excitation pathway that generates a normal heartbeat?

In the blood clotting cascade mechanism, what is the first event that occurs following injury to a blood vessel?

The cardiac output is the volume of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles of the heart in the time interval of one minute. What factor most limits a person's maximal increase in cardiac output during exercise?

During your annual physical, a nurse takes your blood pressure by wrapping a sphygmomanometer cuff around your upper arm, which modulates the flow of blood through your brachial artery. The nurse then enters a reading of 115/70 in your medical chart. These numbers mean that the

You are taking a lab practical exam, and one station has pins in various internal structures of a bisected heart. You can orient yourself without picking up and examining the exterior of the heart because

If an arteriole has a radius of 48 micrometers ( μ\muμ m) and a capillary in the same organ has a radius of 8 μ\muμ m, what is the difference in resistance in blood flow between the two?

If an arteriole has a radius of 48 micrometers ( $\mu$ m) and a capillary in the same organ has a radius of 8 $\mu$ m, what is the difference in resistance in blood flow between the two?