Question 1

Questions such as: what role do visual, auditory, or social stimuli play in the emergence of a behavior? or, what happens when a behavior ceases to be part of the individual's behavioral repertoire? or, does a particular behavior always proceed in a predictable and reliable fashion among individuals in the species? are examples of which of Niko Tinbergen's four main types of questions that should be asked about behavior?

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Which of the following pairings accurately reflects the behavioral and neural embryonic development of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)?

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

The disappearance of crawling behavior in the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) is the result of

Accepted Answer

The disappearance of crawling behavior in the tobacco hornworm is due to the degeneration of the proleg leg muscles just before the pupal stage, which is a critical transition period in the insect's development.

Question 4

What does happen "when you put a chicken back into an egg?" as did Bekoff and Kauer (1984)?

Accepted Answer

Bekoff and Kauer (1984) found that when chicks of various ages were placed back into an egg, they all produced the normal movements associated with hatching, demonstrating an innate behavior pattern.

Question 5

The disappearance of the proleg behaviors in the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) and the disappearance of leg movements associated with hatching in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) differ from one another in that

Accepted Answer

The loss in hornworms is due to the dismantling of the underlying neural circuitry, while in chickens it is modified to serve other patterns of behavior.

Question 6

When house mouse adult females are compared with one another on the basis of their fetal intrauterine positions, adult 2M females (female fetuses who had been nestled between two male fetuses), when compared with 0M females (female fetuses who had not been next to a male),

Accepted Answer

Adult 2M female mice, who were positioned between two male fetuses, are exposed to higher levels of testosterone in utero, which can delay the onset of their first estrus compared to 0M females.

Question 7

While developing within its egg, a bird is exposed to androgens deposited into the yolk by its mother while the egg formed in her ovaries. First-laid eggs have the lowest androgen levels, with levels increasing with each egg laid; thus, first-laid eggs can be used in experimental manipulations. When black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) from an experimental group (birds hatched from first-laid eggs injected with androgens and sesame oil) were compared with those from a control group (those hatched from first-laid eggs injected only with sesame oil), the experimental birds exhibited

Accepted Answer

Androgens are known to have immunosuppressive effects, which means that birds exposed to higher levels of androgens, such as those in the experimental group, would likely exhibit suppressed immune function compared to those in the control group.

Question 8

Deposition of increasing levels of yolk androgens may be a way for mothers to adjust the developmental trajectories of their offspring to current environmental conditions. In black-headed gulls, for example, this might

Accepted Answer

Yolk androgens can enhance the growth and competitiveness of chicks, particularly those that hatch later, helping them compete with their siblings for resources.

Question 9

In the case of the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius), a characteristic of the environment during incubation that has been found to have a profound effect not only on sex determination but on the adult's later choice in mates is

Accepted Answer

Temperature plays a crucial role in determining the sex of leopard geckos during incubation, and it also influences their mate choices in adulthood. This phenomenon, known as temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), is common in some reptiles.

Question 10

Differences in postnatal environment, such as being reared in an enriched environment as opposed to a less complex one, can produce differences in

Accepted Answer

Differences in postnatal environment, such as being reared in an enriched environment versus a less complex one, can indeed affect brain weight and size, the number of neurons in the brain, and the number of synapses. Research has shown that enriched environments can lead to neurogenesis (the formation of new neurons), increased synaptic plasticity, and overall larger brain volume.

Question 11

Nonhuman primates living in settings characterized as lacking physical and social complexity often develop abnormal or stereotypic behaviors. The current preferred method for treating such behavior problems is

Accepted Answer

Environment enrichment is the preferred method for treating abnormal or stereotypic behaviors in nonhuman primates living in settings lacking physical and social complexity. It involves enhancing the animals' environment to stimulate their natural behaviors and improve their overall well-being.

Question 12

Play is probably best viewed as

Accepted Answer

Play encompasses a wide range of behaviors and activities, making it a broad category rather than a single type of behavior with a singular function or an invalid category.

Question 13

A behavior known as stone handling, performed by some adult Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), is believed to be most closely related to which of the following hypothesized functions of play behavior?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A behavior known as stone handling, performed...

Question 14

Which of the following would have been part of the definition of a "critical period" as originally defined by Konrad Lorenz? That the critical period was a phase of an animal's development that

Accepted Answer

The concept of a "critical period" as originally defined by Konrad Lorenz refers to a specific time frame in an animal's development during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally. These experiences have irreversible effects on individual behavior or physiological development, making choice B correct.

Question 15

The more recent term "sensitive period" has largely replaced Lorenz's earlier term "critical period". This is because the newer term reflects the results of recent research suggesting that the developmental periods being described

Accepted Answer

The term "sensitive period" suggests that the developmental periods in question are gradual in onset and termination, rather than being sharply defined or strictly limited in time as implied by the term "critical period." This reflects a more nuanced understanding of development, recognizing that while there may be optimal times for certain types of learning or development, the boundaries are not as rigid as once thought.

Question 16

Before their migration to the sea and during a sensitive period, juvenile Atlantic salmon learn

Accepted Answer

Juvenile Atlantic salmon undergo a process known as imprinting during a sensitive period before their migration to the sea, where they learn the odor of the water at the site where they were spawned. This olfactory memory enables them to return to their natal river to spawn as adults, a phenomenon known as homing.

Question 17

"Imprinting" is a translation of Lorenz's original term Pragung and describes

Accepted Answer

Imprinting is a concept in developmental psychology and ethology, describing a process whereby a young animal or human forms attachments and develops a concept of its own identity during a critical period early in life. This often involves following and becoming attached to a parent figure or an object. Konrad Lorenz, an Austrian zoologist, first observed this phenomenon in birds, noting how they would form attachments during a specific, limited time frame after hatching.

Question 18

In order for Peking ducklings to develop an appropriate following response, Gottlieb and coworkers demonstrated that they must

Accepted Answer

Gottlieb and coworkers found that Peking ducklings need to hear their own or their siblings' contentment calls before hatching to develop an appropriate following response. This early exposure is crucial for their social and survival behaviors.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about filial imprinting and sexual imprinting is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Filial imprinting is the process by which a young animal learns to recognize and follow the characteristics of a parent figure, typically its mother. This type of imprinting is crucial for the survival of many species, as it helps offspring stay close to their parents for protection and to learn essential survival behaviors.

Question 20

In a study by Bateson (1983), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were reared with siblings and later tested for mate preference from among five types: (1) familiar sibling, (2) novel sibling, (3) novel first cousin, (4) novel third cousin, or (5) novel unrelated individual. Both male and female quail subjects preferred individuals who had characteristics that were

Accepted Answer

The study found that quail preferred mates that were not immediate family members but not too distantly related either, indicating a preference for genetic characteristics slightly displaced from immediate family members.

Quiz 8: The Development of Behavior

Which of the following pairings accurately reflects the behavioral and neural embryonic development of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ?