Question 1

__________ is an expectancy about how competently one will be able to enact a behavior in a particular situation.

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Question 2

__________ developed the personal construct theory; his fundamental postulate is that "a person's processes are psychologically channeled by the ways in which he anticipates events."

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Question 3

Describe field dependence vs. field independence. Is this a dichotomous or a continuous construct? In what types of situations would greater field dependence be an asset? When would field independence be most desirable?

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Question 4

What is the difference between a schema and a script?

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Question 5

In general, an optimistic explanatory style seems most adaptive. Why is this? Can someone be too optimistic?

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Question 6

If you had a friend who did not believe in his/her abilities to succeed in his or her job, what would you do to increase his or her self-efficacy? Why would you choose this method?

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Question 7

Briefly describe how "vicarious learning" occurs. What are some of the things that determine whether or not a learned behavior is actually performed?

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Question 8

How might the concept of vicarious or observational learning be reconciled with a behaviorist approach to learning?

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Question 9

Why might an observational learning approach be superior to a behavioral learning approach when acquiring skills such as driving or tightrope walking?

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Question 10

Based on what was discovered in Bandura's "Bobo doll" studies, how might a person learn to inhibit behaviors that are socially inappropriate without actually doing them and being punished?

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Question 11

Why, with all our technologies, are we still unable to create a computer that accurately simulates a human?

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Question 12

Define what attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is. What are the different subtypes of ADHD? What are the major symptoms of this disorder? Why is an understanding of ADHD useful in the study of personality?

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Question 13

Explain what is meant by internal versus external locus of control. Give an example of qualities demonstrated by an individual that has an internal locus of control and an individual who has an external locus of control. How does the construct of locus of control fit into Julian Rotter's social learning theory?

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Question 14

Describe what "social intelligence" entails. How is this different from traditional conceptualizations of intelligence? List and describe three other types of intelligence that have been proposed by Gardner.

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Question 15

Explain why categorization is necessary. When is categorization most useful? How can categorization have negative effects?

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Question 16

Describe the characteristics of optimistic versus pessimistic people, in terms of their beliefs and behaviors, and describe how each type of person would react to getting fired from his/her job.

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Quiz 7: Cognitive and Social Cognitive Aspects of Personality