Question 1

A(n) __________ approach is culture-specific; it focuses on a single culture, understood on its own terms. A(n) __________ approach is cross-cultural; it searches for generalities across cultures.

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Question 2

According to Jung, __________ are universal structures of the collective unconscious.

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Question 3

One key dimension in viewing how cultures differ from one another is the idea that Western cultures are more __________, while Eastern cultures are viewed as more family-focused and __________.

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Question 4

The term for the paradoxical idea that slavery was allowed and endorsed despite the claim that the United States was founded on the principle that all men are created equal is called the __________.

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Question 5

__________ refers to the fact that the higher a person's socioeconomic status is, the lower is the person's risk of getting sick and dying prematurely.

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Question 6

Because we each have different experiences, each individual speaks a unique version of his or her native language, called a(n) __________.

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Question 7

Variations between groups of people who share regional characteristics or cultural characteristics create distinct linguistic __________.

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Question 8

According to the theory of __________, our interpretation of the world is to a large extent dependent on the linguistic system by which we classify it.

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Question 9

Some languages have use pronouns that express the __________ of the person being addressed or discussed.

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Question 10

A test that explicitly takes culture into account is the System of __________, where the focus of comparisons in among individuals within a cultural group rather than between cultural groups.

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Question 11

The threat that others' judgment or your own actions will negatively stereotype you is known as __________.

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Question 12

Studying the vague notion of __________ is less fruitful than studying the effects of ethnic identification, history, and culture on personality.

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Question 13

The __________ is a fascinating public health phenomenon referring to the fact that the higher a person's socioeconomic status is, the lower is that person's risk of getting sick and dying prematurely.

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Question 14

Although the United States was founded on the principle that "All men are created equal," the U.S. Constitution allowed for slavery. This contradiction was called the __________ by Gunnar Myrdal.

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Question 15

Suppose that you have a well-constructed questionnaire that assesses the personality trait "agreeableness." Suppose, also, that you have demonstrated that your questionnaire does a good job of measuring agreeableness in American college students. Now you want to use your questionnaire to measure agreeableness in a couple of non-English speaking groups (Mexican-American mothers and Vietnamese school children). So, you hire someone to translate your questionnaire into Spanish and Vietnamese. Can you now use this questionnaire? Do you anticipate any problems? If so, what might they be?

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Question 16

Does it ever make sense to study "race" as it relates to personality? What can we gain from such investigations? What are some of the dangers in undertaking these kinds of studies?

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Question 17

What are some of the mechanisms which might explain the SES gradient? What does the SES gradient have to do with personality?

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Question 18

People have created language, but how has language served to mold its creators?

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Question 19

What kinds of tests have been developed that are "culture free"? Are they really free from cultural bias? If not, what kinds of biases still creep in?

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Question 20

Describe how three different perspectives (of the eight perspectives discussed in the text) explain relations between personality and culture. Which theory best accounts for cultural influences on personality? Which theory is least adequate to explain these?

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Quiz 13: Culture, Religion, and Ethnicity: Processes and Differences

A(n) approach is culture-specific; it focuses on a single culture, understood on its own terms. A(n) approach is cross-cultural; it searches for generalities across cultures.