Question 1

Which of the following is not a dimension of the Big Five model of personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Egotism is not one of the dimensions of the Big Five model of personality traits. The Big Five consists of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 2

Costa and McCrae (1996) refer to the "universal raw material of personality capacities and dispositions" as __________.

Accepted Answer

Costa and McCrae (1996) use the term "basic tendencies" to refer to the inherent personality capacities and dispositions that they believe form the core of personality structure.

Question 3

Hans Eysenck's model of personality does not include the dimension of __________.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck's model of personality originally included three major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Agreeableness is not part of Eysenck's model but is instead one of the Big Five personality traits.

Question 4

Hans Eysenck theorized that genetic differences in ____________ lead to differences in personality.

Accepted Answer

Hans Eysenck theorized that genetic differences in levels of arousal are responsible for differences in personality, particularly in terms of introversion and extraversion. He suggested that introverts have higher levels of baseline cortical arousal, leading them to seek lower levels of stimulation, while extraverts, with lower baseline arousal, seek higher levels of stimulation.

Question 5

In studies of personality, which nonhuman animals possess conscientiousness?

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness, a trait reflecting organization, responsibility, and planning, has been observed in various nonhuman animals, including dogs, horses, and chimpanzees, indicating that this personality trait is not exclusive to humans.

Question 6

Studies of bird personality showed that when foreign objects were placed in the birds' cage, which of the following occurred?

Accepted Answer

Bird personality studies have found individual differences in behavior, with some birds consistently acting "shy" and others being "bold" when exposed to new objects in their environment.

Question 7

"Boldness" and "shyness" in birds appear to be mediated by the same gene that mediates ____________ in humans.

Accepted Answer

Thrill seeking in humans has been linked to the same gene that influences boldness and shyness in birds, suggesting a genetic basis for these behaviors across species.

Question 8

In research, the consistency of ratings between two or more raters is called __________.

Accepted Answer

Inter-rater reliability refers to the degree of agreement among raters or judges. It measures how consistently two or more raters evaluate the characteristics or outcomes in a study, ensuring that the assessment is not dependent on a single rater's perspective.

Question 9

Raters are considered reliable if the correlation between their ratings equals or exceeds __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Raters are considered reliable if the correlation...

Question 10

Behavioral observations are good measures of personality because they are __________.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral observations are considered objective because they involve watching and recording behaviors as they occur, without relying on personal feelings or interpretations. This allows for a more unbiased and factual assessment of personality.

Question 11

One advantage to the interview method of personality assessment is __________.

Accepted Answer

The interview method allows for open-ended questions, which can provide deeper insights into an individual's personality by allowing them to express themselves more freely and in greater detail than closed-ended questions would.

Question 12

Dr. Budd is presenting a client with an ambiguous image and asking her to report what she sees, the hope being that thoughts and wishes from her unconscious will reveal themselves in the form of her

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Budd is presenting a client with...

Question 13

Rorschach inkblots serve which of the following purposes?

Accepted Answer

Rorschach inkblots are used in psychological evaluation to uncover underlying thoughts, feelings, and motives, some of which may be unconscious. While not a diagnostic tool for specific conditions like major depression in a direct sense, responses can indicate distress or troubling thoughts that may relate to such conditions or suicidal ideation, thus serving all the mentioned purposes indirectly.

Question 14

Todd's therapist shows him a picture of a man and a woman standing near a telephone pole and asks Todd to tell a story about what he sees. Todd's therapist is using __________.

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves showing individuals ambiguous images of people and asking them to tell a story about what they see, aiming to reveal their underlying thoughts, feelings, and themes in their perceptions.

Question 15

On a personality test assessing hostility, researchers have included the items, "I react strongly when someone gets in my way" and "I will let someone know if they have made me angry," and they are asking respondents to indicate the extent to which they agree. These questions would be considered to have __________.

Accepted Answer

These questions directly assess aspects of hostility, making it apparent what the test is trying to measure, which is the essence of face validity.

Question 16

Personality tests are most useful in ____________ police officers.

Accepted Answer

Personality tests are most useful in screening police officers to identify traits that may affect their suitability for the role.

Question 17

Researchers found that children who were impulsive and aggressive at age three were likely to __________.

Accepted Answer

Impulsivity and aggression in early childhood have been linked to a higher risk of substance use during adolescence. This is because these behaviors can lead to difficulties in social and emotional regulation, increasing the risk of using drugs as a coping mechanism.

Question 18

A large, longitudinal study of the Big Five personality traits showed that __________.

Accepted Answer

Research on the Big Five personality traits indicates that agreeableness tends to increase with age, reflecting a trend towards greater cooperation and social harmony as people grow older.

Question 19

Alzheimer's disease affects personality in that __________.

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease often leads to a decrease in openness, as individuals may become less willing to try new experiences or engage in new ideas, partly due to cognitive decline and changes in brain function associated with the disease.

Quiz 13: Personality and the Uniqueness of the Individual