Question 1

Among the following, which is LEAST likely to be considered an aspect of "nurture"?

Accepted Answer

Genetic characteristics within a family are considered an aspect of "nature," as they are inherited biological traits, rather than "nurture," which involves environmental influences.

Question 2

Janice is studying the effects of diversity on child development. From what families should she draw her sample?

Accepted Answer

To study the effects of diversity on child development, Janice should include a wide range of family types, including those with gay and lesbian parents, single-parent families, and families with adopted children, to capture the diverse experiences and influences on child development.

Question 3

At school, and with his friends, Jose speaks English. While at home, he speaks Spanish with his parents and sister. Jose's experiences with two languages illustrate the influence of __________________ on child development.

Accepted Answer

The answer of At school, and with his friends, Jose...

Question 4

Which of the following theorists thought that experience and learning, or nurture, determined what children would become?

Accepted Answer

John Watson, a behaviorist, believed that a child's development is largely determined by their environment and experiences, emphasizing the role of nurture.

Question 5

Research on how nature and nurture influence the development of IQ suggests that _______________.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that both genetic factors (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) play significant roles in the development of IQ, with each contributing to varying extents.

Question 6

Bouchard and McGue (1981) found that the IQs of identical twins are ______________ when the twins are raised together than when they are adopted and reared apart.

Accepted Answer

Bouchard and McGue (1981) found that the IQs of identical twins are more similar when the twins are raised together compared to when they are adopted and reared apart, indicating the influence of shared environment on IQ similarity.

Question 7

____________ refers to a new emphasis in psychology on the study of happiness and positive development.

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of happiness, well-being, and positive human development.

Question 8

Which of the following examples might be studied by a positive psychologist?

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology focuses on studying positive human functioning and factors that contribute to individuals' well-being and happiness, such as sharing and cooperation.

Question 9

_______________ children are those who rise above adversity, such as illness, abuse, or poverty during their childhood and develop in positive ways.

Accepted Answer

Resilient children are those who can overcome challenges and adversities in their lives and still develop positively.

Question 10

Theories do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Theories do not ignore historical contributions; instead, they build upon past research and knowledge to advance understanding.

Question 11

Erica's parents are concerned about her frequent tantrums. After consulting a parenting handbook, they decide to apply Skinner's theory of positive reinforcement by praising and rewarding her for good behavior. In particular, the theory allows them to predict that Erika _______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Erica's parents are concerned about her frequent...

Question 12

How do parents, teachers, counselors, and others who work with children benefit from theories?

Accepted Answer

Theories offer frameworks and insights that help individuals understand and predict behaviors, which can guide them in making informed decisions in real-world situations involving children.

Question 13

When a researcher wants to test a theory, she or he needs to create _______________.

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested through research.

Question 14

An important difference between theories and hypotheses is that _______________.

Accepted Answer

Hypotheses are specific predictions that can be tested and directly verified through experimentation or observation, whereas theories are broader explanations that integrate and generalize findings from multiple hypotheses and studies.

Question 15

Which of the following answers shows the correct order of the emergence of theories regarding child development?

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theory emerged first with Freud in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, followed by behavioral/social learning theories with figures like Watson and Skinner in the early to mid-20th century. Cognitive theory, with Piaget, gained prominence in the mid-20th century, and neuropsychology has become more prominent in recent decades with advances in brain imaging and neuroscience.

Question 16

Psychoanalytic theories are theories that focus on _______________.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalytic theories primarily focus on the structure of personality, emphasizing the influence of unconscious processes and childhood experiences on behavior and development.

Question 17

According to ________, the mind contains three basic components: the id, the ego, and the superego.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud proposed the theory of the mind consisting of the id, ego, and superego as part of his psychoanalytic theory.

Question 18

Psychoanalytic theory proposes that the _____________ is present at birth and is inherited from our evolutionary ancestors.

Accepted Answer

The id is present at birth and represents the inherited, instinctual part of our personality, according to psychoanalytic theory.

Question 19

Sarah knows that stealing her friend's homework is wrong. Sigmund Freud would say that this is due to the influence of Sarah's _______________.

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of personality includes the id, ego, and superego. The superego is responsible for moral standards and knowing right from wrong, which is why Sarah knows stealing is wrong.

Question 20

Which branch of the personality is described as containing the subconscious, primitive sexual, and aggressive instincts?

Accepted Answer

The id is the part of the personality that contains the subconscious, primitive sexual, and aggressive instincts, according to Freudian psychoanalytic theory.

Quiz 1: Exploring Child Development