Question 1

Percentage goals in minority employment

Accepted Answer

Industries with lower turnover rates will have fewer vacancies, which means fewer opportunities for hiring new employees from minority groups. This will make it more challenging to achieve percentage goals in minority employment.

Question 2

Studies including cognitive achievement among the measures of productive have generally found

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies including cognitive achievement among the measures...

Question 3

Comparable worth

Accepted Answer

Comparable worth, also known as pay equity, is a concept that proposes equal pay for jobs of comparable value. It is often criticized for ignoring market conditions and assuming that every job has the same value. Therefore, it does not set salaries in the most efficient manner possible and may not reflect supply and demand factors.

Question 4

Racial occupational dissimilarities are ________ and have fallen ________ over time than gender-related occupational dissimilarities.

Accepted Answer

Racial occupational dissimilarities have decreased at a faster rate compared to gender-related occupational dissimilarities. This is due to various efforts made to reduce racial discrimination in the workplace, including affirmative action policies and diversity initiatives. However, gender-related occupational dissimilarities remain more persistent, as they are often rooted in societal stereotypes and cultural expectations.

Question 5

Comparable worth analysis in Minnesota found that

Accepted Answer

The question states that "comparable worth analysis in Minnesota found that", implying that there was a specific study or analysis conducted. According to the answer choices, it can be inferred that the study found jobs with higher measured worth received higher pay, which aligns with the concept of comparable worth analysis that seeks to address pay inequities based on the value of the work and skills required, rather than solely on gender or other demographic factors. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 6

In the employer model of discrimination where employers differ in how much they devalue the productivity of women (in the d), which of the following will lower the relative wage of women?

Accepted Answer

When the fraction of females in the workforce increases, employers who devalue female productivity may hire more women at lower wages, thus lowering the relative wage of women.

Question 7

All of the following statements about the effectiveness of federal antidiscrimination programs are true EXCEPT (select the statement that is not true)

Accepted Answer

While federal antidiscrimination programs did increase the black/white earnings ratio between 1960 and 1975, and the greatest gains in increasing the ratio were in the South, the affirmative action programs did not have the greatest impact on increasing the ratio. In fact, studies have shown that affirmative action programs had minimal impact on the black/white earnings ratio. Additionally, while the effectiveness of federal antidiscrimination programs has been debated, they did have a small impact on the black/white earnings ratio after 1980.

Question 8

Suppose that tall employees dislike working with short employees. Assume also that short and tall employees are perfect substitutes for one another in producing goods. What is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

If tall employees dislike working with short employees, firms may choose to segregate the workplace based on height to avoid conflict and ensure smoother operations. This would result in some workplaces only hiring tall employees, while others only hire short employees. This outcome is consistent with the assumption that short and tall workers are perfect substitutes for one another in producing goods.

Question 9

In the model where employers discriminate against females, those employers that devalue the productivity of the females more than other employers will

Accepted Answer

Employers who discriminate against females by devaluing their productivity, compared to those who do not, will likely miss out on hiring talented and productive female employees unless they offer competitive wages. This discrimination can lead to a less efficient allocation of labor, potentially resulting in lower profits for these employers.

Question 10

In a given market, women with the same skills as men earn less. Which of the following would suggest that the main source of the discrimination are the managers that must work with them?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a given market, women with the...

Question 11

There are one hundred jobs and one hundred workers in a competitive job market. All workers are equally productive. All employers dislike female workers but vary by the degree of their dislike. Job one's employer dislikes females by $1 a week, job two's employer by $2 a week, and so forth, such that job one hundred's employer dislikes females by $100 a week. Assume male workers are paid $500 a week. If there are 40 females and 60 males in the labor force, then which of the following is true in the short-run equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, employers' dislike for female workers is quantified in monetary terms, decreasing the wage they are willing to pay female workers by $1 to $100 across different jobs. Since there are 40 females in the labor force, the first 40 employers (who dislike females the least) will hire females, paying them less than the $500 wage for males, adjusted by their degree of dislike. Employer 40, disliking females by $40 a week, will pay $460 (not $440 as stated in A), making A incorrect. However, the principle that employers could increase their profit by hiring females (since they are willing to pay them less due to their bias, not because of productivity differences) makes C correct. Since A is incorrect and the explanation provided directly contradicts B (which incorrectly states a wage of $440 for employer 10), the only statement that could conceptually be true, given a misunderstanding in the explanation, is D, as it suggests a general truth about the scenario. However, the explanation provided directly contradicts the choices, indicating a misunderstanding in the application of the scenario's logic. Employers hiring females do so at a reduced wage reflective of their bias, not the productivity of the workers, which remains equal across genders.

Question 12

There are one hundred supervising jobs and one hundred male supervisors in a competitive job market. In addition, each supervisor supervises one line worker. There are one hundred line jobs and one hundred line workers. The supervisor of job one dislikes supervising female line workers by $1 a week. The supervisor of job two dislikes female line workers by $2 a week, and so forth, such that the supervisor of job hundred dislikes supervising female line workers by $100 a week. There are 60 female and 40 male line workers. Supervisors of male line workers are paid $400 a week and male line workers are paid $200 a week. Which of the following is NOT true in the short-run equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

The employer of male line workers could increase profits by hiring females instead is not true in the short-run equilibrium.

Question 13

The Equal Pay Act of 1963

Accepted Answer

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 outlawed separate pay scales for men and women who perform the same jobs. It did not address sexual or racial discrimination in hiring or firing.

Question 14

A study finds that handsome people make more than ugly people in occupations where workers interact with customers. This supports which of these models of discrimination?

Accepted Answer

This finding supports the customer discrimination model, where customers prefer to interact with more attractive employees, potentially leading businesses to pay handsome people more in roles involving customer interaction.

Question 15

In a given market, women with the same skills as men earn less. Which of the following would suggest that the main source of discrimination against women is employers?

Accepted Answer

This suggests that the companies are not hiring women solely because they are cheaper labor, but because they are benefiting the company and increasing profits. This discredits the idea that women are paid less because they are less productive or bring less value to the company, implying that employers may be discriminating against women by offering them lower salaries.

Quiz 12: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Labor Market