Question 1

Which of the following is the NOT one of the basic stages of emotion?

Accepted Answer

Scripts are not considered one of the basic stages of emotion. The basic stages typically include appraisal, motives, and facial expressions.

Question 2

What term describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence?

Accepted Answer

The term that describes someone who is low in emotional intelligence is alexithymic. Anhedonic refers to someone who is unable to experience pleasure, eudonic is not a recognized term, and dysthymic refers to a form of depression.

Question 3

Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ________ theory of ability.

Accepted Answer

Steven's belief that intelligence and ability can change with experience aligns with the incremental theory of ability. The entity theory of ability, on the other hand, suggests that intelligence and ability are fixed and unchangeable. The other options, schematic and flexible theory of ability, are not commonly used terms in the field of psychology to describe beliefs about ability.

Question 4

A person with a developmental goal will most likely respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A person with a developmental goal is focused on learning and improving, rather than proving their abilities. Therefore, they are more likely to respond to failure with a mastery-oriented pattern of behavior, which involves analyzing mistakes, seeking feedback, and finding ways to improve in the future. They are less likely to feel helpless, anxious, or pessimistic, as their goal is growth and progress.

Question 5

What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model proposed by Averill?

Accepted Answer

According to Averill's emotional circumplex model, emotions can be described along two basic dimensions - aroused-unaroused and negative-positive. The aroused-unaroused dimension refers to the level of physiological activation, while the negative-positive dimension refers to the valence or pleasantness of the emotion.

Question 6

When researchers say "preferences need no inferences" with respect to emotion, what are they really arguing?

Accepted Answer

"Preferences need no inferences" means that emotions can arise automatically without the need for a deliberate cognitive appraisal process. Therefore, option A is correct as it suggests that emotions can occur without appraisal. Option B is incorrect because it opposes the statement. Options C and D are also incorrect because they are unrelated to the concept of "preferences need no inferences."

Question 7

An individual who experiences powerful feelings of both joy and sadness would score high on what personality dimension?

Accepted Answer

Affect intensity refers to the strength with which individuals experience emotions, both positive and negative. Therefore, someone who experiences powerful feelings of both joy and sadness would score high on affect intensity.

Question 8

Your expectations about sequences of events that should occur in certain situations are called cognitive ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your expectations about sequences of events that...

Question 9

Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability.

Accepted Answer

Sharon's belief that intelligence and ability are innate and cannot be changed aligns with the entity theory of ability, which suggests that abilities are fixed traits that people are born with and cannot be developed or improved through effort or practice.

Question 10

What dimension is not typically included in the definition of happiness used by contemporary researchers?

Accepted Answer

Eudaimonia, or a sense of meaning and purpose in life, is not typically included in the definition of happiness used by contemporary researchers. However, it is often included in broader definitions of well-being.

Question 11

According to the theory surrounding the Big Five, what term describes the generalized scripts that are produced by the Big Five traits?

Accepted Answer

The generalized scripts produced by the Big Five traits are referred to as characteristic adaptations in the theory surrounding the Big Five. Option A refers to the idea of behavior prediction based on situational cues, option B refers to a person's goals and strategies, and option C refers to the specific objectives a person has.

Question 12

What term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even relieved when the worst does not happen?

Accepted Answer

Defensive pessimists are individuals who manage their anxiety about potentially negative outcomes by setting low expectations and mentally preparing for the worst, which can paradoxically lead to better performance and relief when outcomes are better than expected.

Question 13

A person with a judgment goal will respond to failure with a(n) ________ pattern of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A person with a judgment goal, who is focused on validating their abilities, is more likely to respond to failure with a helpless pattern of behavior, as they may see failure as an indication of their lack of ability.

Question 14

Some research suggests that pessimism might prove more adaptive than optimism in ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Some research suggests that pessimism might prove...

Question 15

Research has examined the degree to which individuals' optimistic and pessimistic strategies persist across various contexts. The results of this research suggest that ________.

Accepted Answer

The results suggest that there is a moderate level of consistency in how individuals apply optimistic and pessimistic strategies across different contexts, with correlations ranging from about .30 to .40. This indicates that people who tend to use a certain strategy (optimistic or pessimistic) in one context are somewhat likely to use the same strategy in other contexts as well.

Question 16

I am preparing for a test in psychology, and I tell you, "I'm sure that I'm going to fail. I'm going to study all night, and I'll just be happy with anything higher than a C." You are preparing for the same test and you say, "Oh, come on. We've been going to lecture and keeping up with the reading-we just need to review everything tonight and I'm sure we'll do well on the test." What would research concerning pessimistic and optimistic strategies predict about our outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that optimistic strategies lead to better outcomes in academic settings. However, both individuals in this scenario are actively preparing for the test, which indicates a level of motivation and effort that can lead to similar outcomes. Therefore, it is likely that we will get about the same grades on the test. The question does not provide enough information to support any of the other choices.

Question 17

Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions. Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church. Laura and Jeanne have ________.

Accepted Answer

Laura and Jeanne are attending church for different reasons (Laura for spiritual fulfillment, Jeanne for networking), but their different motivations (strategies) lead to the same behavior, which is attending church regularly.

Question 18

Research by Julie Norem indicates that defensive pessimists and eternal optimists likely ________.

Accepted Answer

According to Julie Norem's research, defensive pessimists and eternal optimists use different strategies: defensive pessimists plan for the worst-case scenario while eternal optimists focus on positive outcomes. However, they both obtain similar ends, meaning they both achieve their goals and have successful outcomes.

Question 19

A strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions is the fundamental feature of what trait?

Accepted Answer

The trait of extraversion is defined by a strong, consistent, and stable tendency to experience positive and energizing emotions. This includes characteristics such as being outgoing, assertive, sociable, and adventurous.

Question 20

According to research on goals across the life span, individuals who are near the end of their lives typically shift goals from ________.

Accepted Answer

According to research, individuals who are near the end of their lives typically shift goals from exploring the world and achieving new things to valuing emotionally meaningful experiences, such as spending time with loved ones and reflecting on one's life.

Quiz 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought, Motivation, and Emotion