Question 1

According to research described in the text, how is narcissism related to implicit and explicit attitudes?

Accepted Answer

The research suggests that individuals with high levels of narcissism may have high levels of declarative self-esteem (explicit attitudes) but low levels of implicit self-esteem. This means that they may openly express confidence in themselves but subconsciously harbor negative attitudes about themselves. This is in line with choice A, which suggests that narcissism is more evident in those whose implicit self-esteem is low relative to their declarative self-esteem.

Question 2

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that discrepancies between one's actual self and one's ought self (the self that others expect one to be) are primarily linked to feelings of anxiety. Anxiety arises because the discrepancy highlights a failure to meet duties, obligations, or societal expectations, leading to concerns about potential negative outcomes or punishments.

Question 3

What is actually measured by the Implicit Association Test?

Accepted Answer

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures reaction time to assess implicit biases and attitudes. It measures how quickly individuals associate certain groups or concepts with positive or negative traits, revealing subconscious biases that may not be apparent through self-report measures. Heart rate, blood pressure, and visual tracking are not directly measured by the IAT.

Question 4

The ________ self is NOT one of the self-relevant schemas that are part of self-discrepancy theory.

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory, developed by Higgins (1987), includes three domains of the self: the actual self (the self-concept as it currently is), the ideal self (our representation of the qualities we would like to possess), and the ought self (our representation of the qualities we believe we should possess). The "rejected self" is not a component of this theory.

Question 5

Imagine that you are trying to teach a classroom of personality students how to better remember the material for an exam. What would likely be the best recommendation that you could make?

Accepted Answer

Relating the material to something that is personally relevant is a great way to enhance memory by creating a more meaningful connection to the information. This can improve retention and retrieval of the material. Option B is not recommended because self-related cognitive biases can actually improve memory recall. Option C may work for some learners but is not necessarily the most effective strategy for everyone. Option D only focuses on certain parts of the material and does not provide a comprehensive approach to memory retention.

Question 6

According to the textbook, the ought self resembles Jeffrey Gray's ________ system, whereas the ideal self resembles Gray's ________ system.

Accepted Answer

The ought self is associated with the Stop system, which aligns with Gray's Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), while the ideal self is linked to the Go system, which aligns with Gray's Behavioral Activation System (BAS).

Question 7

When people think about their own behavior, they tend to believe that their ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When people think about their own behavior,...

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the realistic accuracy model?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT one...

Question 9

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ideal and actual selves?

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory suggests that discrepancies between one's actual self and ideal self (how one wishes to be) are associated with feelings of dejection-related emotions, such as depression.

Question 10

According to recent work by Carol Dweck, what is one way to change your own personality?

Accepted Answer

According to Carol Dweck's work, changing one's beliefs about their own personality can lead to a shift in personality traits. This is based on the idea of the growth mindset, which suggests that individuals can develop and change over time through effort and perseverance. By believing that change is possible, individuals can begin to take actions towards making those changes a reality. Therefore, A is the best choice.

Question 11

What seems to be the connection between accurate self-knowledge and mental health?

Accepted Answer

Accurate self-knowledge is often seen as a key component of mental health. Individuals who have a good understanding of their own thoughts, feelings, strengths, and weaknesses tend to have better emotional regulation skills and coping mechanisms. This, in turn, can lead to fewer mental health problems like anxiety and depression. On the other hand, individuals who lack self-knowledge or have inaccurate self-perceptions may struggle more with self-esteem issues, relationship difficulties, and other mental health challenges.

Question 12

What term refers to self-schemas based on our past experience that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives?

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to self-schemas based on our past experience that direct how we relate to the important people in our lives is a relational self-schema. This schema includes our beliefs about ourselves in relation to others, as well as our expectations for how others will behave towards us.

Question 13

Coaches often try to make their athletes believe they have the talent to succeed. What self related concept are the coaches trying to improve?

Accepted Answer

Coaches are trying to improve the athlete's self-efficacy, which is the belief in their ability to successfully complete a task or achieve a goal. By emphasizing the athlete's skills and potential, coaches can boost their confidence and help them perform better.

Question 14

What is the name of Carol Dweck's program designed to promote incremental theories in school-age children?

Accepted Answer

The name of Carol Dweck's program designed to promote incremental theories in school-age children is Brainology.

Question 15

Which stage of the realistic accuracy model probably has the fewest limitations when it comes to making self-judgments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which stage of the realistic accuracy model...

Question 16

You are only able to observe what you actually did and thought when faced with a particular dilemma. This fact creates problems for which two stages of the realistic accuracy model applied to self-judgments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of You are only able to observe what...

Question 17

Introspection is relevant to which stage of the realistic accuracy model?

Accepted Answer

Introspection is a cognitive process that involves self-observation and examination of one's own thoughts and feelings. It is useful during the utilization stage of the realistic accuracy model, where an individual considers the information they have acquired and decides whether to apply it to a particular situation. Introspection allows individuals to assess their own thoughts and feelings in relation to the information they have received and make more informed decisions about how to use that information.

Question 18

According to the discussion of self-discrepancy theory, the root of depression is ________, whereas the root of anxiety is ________.

Accepted Answer

Self-discrepancy theory proposes that depression arises from discrepancies between one's actual self, ideal self, and ought self, which can lead to feelings of disappointment and sadness. In contrast, anxiety arises from discrepancies between one's actual self and their desired self, which leads to fear and apprehension. Therefore, the best answer choice is A, as disappointment is associated with depression and fear is associated with anxiety.

Question 19

According to the text, which stage of the realistic accuracy model seems to have the most important implications for self-knowledge?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, which stage of...

Question 20

Sarah moved from a small town in Ohio to New York City and has since learned a lot about herself. According to the realistic accuracy model, she has expanded the amount of information available at the ________ stage of the RAM.

Accepted Answer

The relevance stage of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) involves the availability of information that is pertinent to making accurate judgments about a person. By moving to a new environment, Sarah has likely encountered new situations and experiences that provide more relevant information about her personality and behavior.

Quiz 17: What You Know About You: the Self