Question 1

Adolescents who __________ tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions tend to be in a state of moratorium or identity achievement, according to research on identity development. This is because they have the necessary support and guidance from their parents to explore their identity but also have the autonomy to make their own choices and decisions.

Question 2

Seventeen-year-old Paulette is Native American.She is aware of her cultural ancestry,feels a strong sense of pride in being Native American,and is becoming more sensitive to the attitudes and feelings associated with being part of her tribe.Paulette is developing

Accepted Answer

Paulette's awareness of her cultural ancestry, pride in being Native American, and sensitivity to the attitudes and feelings associated with her tribe indicate that she is developing a strong sense of ethnic identity. Ethnic identity refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic or racial group and the attitudes, beliefs, and values associated with that group. Acculturative stress refers to the psychological and social stressors that arise from adapting to a new culture. Bicultural identity refers to the ability to navigate and identify with two different cultures. Identity diffusion refers to a lack of commitment or direction in one's goals and values.

Question 3

Sally and Richard,both 18,are presented with the Heinz dilemma.Based on gender alone,which of the following statements is probably true?

Accepted Answer

Gender is not a determining factor in the development of moral reasoning. Therefore, there is no reason to assume that Richard will display reasoning at a higher stage than Sally. It is more likely that both individuals will display reasoning at the same stage or higher regardless of their gender. Additionally, it is difficult to predict which moral themes will appear in their responses, as it depends on various personal factors and experiences.

Question 4

Adolescents in moratorium

Accepted Answer

Adolescents in moratorium are in the process of exploring their identity and may feel uncertain about their beliefs and values. As a result, they actively seek out information and evaluate it in order to form a more coherent sense of self. This involves a more critical and flexible cognitive style than the dogmatic or diffuse-avoidant styles described in options A and B. Option D describes a fear of rejection that may be present in some adolescents regardless of their identity status.

Question 5

At Kohlberg's Stage 2 of moral development,children

Accepted Answer

At Stage 2, children view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors. They are concerned with the approval of others, but mainly as means to their own ends. They do not yet take societal laws into account in their decision-making. Respect for the worth and dignity of each person is more typical of Stage 3.

Question 6

When presented with the Heinz dilemma,Luann overlooks Heinz's intentions and,instead,focuses on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment.Luann is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Luann's focus on fear of authority and punishment aligns with Stage 1 of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, which is the punishment and obedience orientation. This stage is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and following rules set by authority figures. Luann's response to the Heinz dilemma shows a lack of consideration for higher moral principles, such as justice or the value of human life, and instead prioritizes avoiding punishment for breaking the law.

Question 7

Postconventional morality is

Accepted Answer

Postconventional morality is exceedingly rare because it involves advanced moral reasoning that goes beyond societal norms and laws, focusing on universal ethical principles.

Question 8

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be

Accepted Answer

Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be identity-foreclosed. This is because identity foreclosure involves accepting ready-made beliefs and values without questioning or exploring alternatives, which can lead to a rigid thinking pattern and a belief in absolute truth. A moratorium individual is still in the process of actively exploring various identity options, whereas identity-achieved individuals have resolved their identity concerns and are more flexible in their thinking. Identity-diffused individuals lack clear direction and commitment towards any particular identity.

Question 9

In Kohlberg's "good boy-good girl" orientation,children

Accepted Answer

In Kohlberg's "good boy-good girl" orientation, children express concern for the welfare of others, focusing on being seen as good by others and maintaining relationships.

Question 10

At Kohlberg's __________ level,behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad,whereas those that lead to rewards are seen as good.

Accepted Answer

This question is referring to the preconventional level of Kohlberg's moral development theory, where individuals are primarily motivated by fear of punishment and desire for rewards. At this level, moral judgements and behaviors are determined by the external consequences of their actions, rather than by an internalized ethical code or concern for others. The other answer choices are not relevant to this question.

Question 11

Lawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral understanding by

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg presented individuals with moral dilemmas and asked them to explain their reasoning for their choices, allowing him to study the development of moral understanding. The other options may have provided some insight into children's behavior, but they do not align with Kohlberg's specific research methods.

Question 12

Quinn believes that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and societal order.According to Kohlberg,Quinn is at the __________ level of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Quinn's belief in maintaining the current social system demonstrates adherence to societal norms and conventions, which aligns with the conventional level of moral development according to Kohlberg. This level emphasizes obedience to authority and maintenance of order to ensure harmony within society.

Question 13

Adolescents stuck in either __________ or __________ are passive in the face of identity concerns and have adjustment difficulties.

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, there are four identity statuses that adolescents may experience: foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievement. Foreclosure refers to when an individual has accepted an identity without exploring other options. Diffusion, on the other hand, refers to when an individual has not yet explored different options and has not committed to a specific identity. Adolescents who are stuck in either foreclosure or diffusion tend to be passive in the face of identity concerns and may have difficulty adjusting to the demands of their social and academic environment.

Question 14

Many studies have tested Carol Gilligan's claim that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females,but

Accepted Answer

Many studies have actually found support for Kohlberg's theory and do not support Gilligan's claim that females exhibit a different moral development. While there may be some studies that suggest differences in moral thinking between males and females, the evidence overall does not support the idea that Kohlberg's approach underestimates the moral maturity of females.

Question 15

Research on identity development indicates that individuals who are stuck for a long time in identity __________ are the most likely to use or abuse drugs.

Accepted Answer

Individuals in identity diffusion lack a clear sense of identity and direction, which can lead to increased vulnerability to drug use or abuse as a means of coping with uncertainty and lack of purpose.

Question 16

At Kohlberg's Stage 6 of moral development,individuals

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's Stage 6 of moral development, also known as the universal ethical principles stage, is characterized by a commitment to justice, equality, and the dignity of human beings. Individuals at this stage would typically mention principles such as respect for the worth and dignity of each person. They also regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes rather than absolutes to be obeyed, which rules out options B and C. Option A is more characteristic of Kohlberg's Stage 3, where individuals start to take the perspective of others and understand that different people may have different values and opinions.

Question 17

Among college-educated young adults,Kohlberg's Stage _____ reasoning is the typical response.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's Stage 4 reasoning is the typical response among college-educated young adults. This stage is characterized by a focus on following rules and maintaining social order.

Question 18

Society can help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts by

Accepted Answer

Encouraging minority adolescents to explore the meaning of ethnicity in their lives promotes a positive recognition and understanding of their unique cultural identity, which can help them resolve identity conflicts. Rejecting the dominant culture may result in further marginalization, while discouraging contact with peers of the same ethnicity and encouraging assimilation may lead to a loss of cultural identity. Learning English is important but not sufficient in resolving identity conflicts.

Question 19

Biculturally identified adolescents tend to

Accepted Answer

Biculturally identified adolescents have the ability to navigate between two cultures and are more likely to have positive relationships with members of different ethnic groups. This is because they have learned to appreciate and understand multiple perspectives and worldviews.

Question 20

In response to Kohlberg's Heinz dilemma,Paige says that if Heinz is prosecuted for stealing,the law needs to be reinterpreted to take into account situations in which it goes against people's natural right to keep on living.Paige is reasoning at the __________ orientation stage.

Accepted Answer

Paige's reasoning reflects the social contract orientation stage, where laws are seen as flexible instruments for furthering human purposes and can be changed if they do not promote the general welfare.

Quiz 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence