Question 1

Major depressive disorder is diagnosed when at least _____ symptoms of depression are evident.

Accepted Answer

According to the DSM-5, a diagnosis of major depressive disorder is made when at least 5 symptoms of depression are present for a period of 2 weeks or longer. These symptoms include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in appetite or weight, disturbed sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and difficulty concentrating.

Question 2

According to the World Health Organization, which psychological disorder causes the MOST disability in terms of missed work days?

Accepted Answer

Major depressive disorder is the leading cause of disability worldwide in terms of missed work days, as stated by the World Health Organization. It is estimated that 300 million people worldwide suffer from this disorder, which severely impacts their ability to function and engage in daily activities, including work.

Question 3

For the past four weeks, Nan has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. Nan is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

Accepted Answer

Nan's symptoms of feeling lethargic and worthless, along with losing interest in activities she previously enjoyed, are classic signs of major depressive disorder. Other symptoms of this disorder include changes in appetite and sleep patterns, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

Question 4

Compared to younger persons, the prevalence of major depressive disorder is _____ times _____ in individuals 60 years of age and older.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared to younger persons, the prevalence of...

Question 5

Having a first-degree relative with obsessive-compulsive disorder increases one's risk of developing the disorder by a factor of:

Accepted Answer

Having a first-degree relative with obsessive-compulsive disorder approximately doubles the risk of developing the disorder.

Question 6

Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of women who experience depression immediately surrounding the birth of a child (peripartum onset)?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of...

Question 7

Carrie has had trouble sleeping for the past two weeks. She has no energy and feels "blue." Carrie may be suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Carrie's symptoms of trouble sleeping, lack of energy, and feeling "blue" are consistent with major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia typically involves delusions or hallucinations, generalized anxiety disorder involves excessive worry and anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder involves repetitive, intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

Question 8

Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder.

Accepted Answer

Elaine's loss of interest in her career and hobbies, as well as her suicidal thoughts suggest that she is experiencing a major depressive disorder. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive and persistent worry and fear, dissociative identity disorder involves the presence of two or more distinct personalities within one individual, and obsessive-compulsive disorder is marked by intrusive and repetitive thoughts and behaviors.

Question 9

The textbook describes a study in which researchers tracked 144 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder for more than 40 years. Recall the research designs used in developmental psychology. Skoog and Skoog's study exemplifies _____ research.

Accepted Answer

The study tracked the same individuals over a period of 40 years, which is characteristic of a longitudinal research design. Correlational research looks at the relationship between two or more variables and does not involve tracking individuals over time. Cross-sectional research compares individuals of different ages at one point in time. Experimental research involves manipulating one variable to see its effect on another variable. None of these research designs fit the Skoog and Skoog study as well as longitudinal.

Question 10

Feeling worthless, difficulty concentrating, and changes in appetite are symptoms of:

Accepted Answer

These are classic symptoms of major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia may involve disorganized thinking and delusions, while OCD involves intrusive and repetitive thoughts or behaviors. Generalized anxiety disorder may involve excessive worry and physical symptoms like trembling and difficulty sleeping.

Question 11

Adults who feel depressed most of the time for two years may be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

Accepted Answer

Persistent depressive disorder (previously known as dysthymia) is a type of depressive disorder characterized by a depressed mood that lasts for at least two years. It is less severe than major depressive disorder but can be chronic and may impact daily functioning.

Question 12

The rates of major depressive disorder may be up to 3 times _____ for women than for men beginning in _____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the rates of major depressive disorder are up to 3 times higher for women than for men, and this disparity begins in adolescence. This is attributed to a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors that start to diverge significantly during these years.

Question 13

In major depressive disorder, symptoms must be present for at least _____ consecutive weeks.

Accepted Answer

Major depressive disorder requires symptoms to be present for at least 2 consecutive weeks for a diagnosis according to the DSM-5 criteria.

Question 14

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, compulsions relieve or offset troubling obsessions. Thus, compulsions are therefore maintained through:

Accepted Answer

Compulsions in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are maintained through negative reinforcement because the individual engages in compulsive behaviors to reduce or avoid the distress or anxiety caused by obsessions. This removal of an unpleasant stimulus (anxiety or distress) strengthens the behavior, making it more likely to occur in the future.

Question 15

Worldwide, approximately _____ of adults have thought seriously about suicide.

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, approximately 10% of adults worldwide have thought seriously about suicide at some point in their lives.

Question 16

Nick has felt depressed most of the time for the past two years. On this basis, he may be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

Accepted Answer

Persistent depressive disorder (formerly known as dysthymia) is characterized by a depressed mood that lasts for at least two years. This mood disorder can include symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities. Choice A, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, is typically diagnosed in children and involves frequent and severe temper outbursts. Choice B, major depressive disorder, involves a more severe and episodic form of depression, while choice D, manic depressive disorder (also known as bipolar disorder), involves alternating periods of depression and manic or hypomanic episodes.

Question 17

Which figure BEST approximates the proportion of women who experience premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

Accepted Answer

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) affects approximately 5% of women of reproductive age, making it a relatively uncommon but significant condition.

Question 18

Heather has been feeling depressed and listless lately. She has had no motivation and has lost interest in activities she once enjoyed. For Heather to be diagnosed with major depression, these symptoms must last for at least:

Accepted Answer

According to the DSM-5, for a diagnosis of major depression, the individual must experience symptoms for at least 2 weeks.

Question 19

At some point in their lives, nearly 1 in _____ American adults will experience an episode of major depression.

Accepted Answer

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, nearly 1 in 5 (or 20%) of American adults will experience an episode of major depression at some point in their lives. This translates to approximately 1 in 5 or 20 out of 100, making B the best choice.

Question 20

Sleep problems, lack of energy, and a "down" mood are symptomatic of:

Accepted Answer

Sleep problems, lack of energy, and a "down" mood are the hallmark symptoms of major depressive disorder. While these symptoms may also appear in other disorders, such as anxiety or OCD, they are most strongly associated with depression. Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, while generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry and nervousness. OCD is characterized by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and behaviors.

Quiz 13: Stress and Health