Question 1

A bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The complement system is part of the immune response that is activated when pathogens, like bacteria, enter the body. It helps to enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.

Question 2

Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Mast cells release histamines which are a type of chemical mediator that triggers the inflammatory response. Phagocytes and dendritic cells also play a role in the inflammatory response, but they release chemokines and interferons respectively, which are not the primary signaling molecules responsible for initiating the response. Lymphocytes release interferons, but their role in initiating the inflammatory response is limited.

Question 3

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Clonal selection implies that

Accepted Answer

Clonal selection is the process by which a specific lymphocyte (B or T cell) proliferates in response to a specific antigen. This proliferation involves mitosis, so option B is the correct choice. Options A, C, and D are not related to the concept of clonal selection, and option E is only partially correct as the body can be exposed to many antigens, but it ultimately selects which antigens it will respond to.

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Which of the following is the most likely reason that ancient peoples sought to identify inflammation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following information to answer the...

Question 5

How do people contract salmonella poisoning?

Accepted Answer

Salmonella can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and resist lysosomal degradation in macrophages, allowing it to infect the host.

Question 6

Mammals have Toll-like receptors (TLRs)that act in a manner similar to those of insects. While not specific to a particular pathogen, a TLR can recognize a kind of macromolecule that is absent from vertebrates but present in/on certain groups of pathogens. Which of the following is most likely to be recognized by a particular TLR that defends against some viruses?

Accepted Answer

Double-stranded RNA is a unique macromolecule that is typically only found in viruses and some bacteria. Therefore, it is the most likely molecule to be recognized by a TLR that defends against some viruses. Lipopolysaccharides are found in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and can be recognized by TLRs, but they are not specific to viruses. Double-stranded DNA and glycoproteins are present in many organisms, including humans, and therefore are not unique to viruses. Phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes and are not likely to be recognized by TLRs in the context of viral defense.

Question 7

Which statement about the complement system is True?

Accepted Answer

The statement that "These proteins are one group of antimicrobial proteins acting together in cascade fashion" is true. The complement system is a group of proteins that work together in a cascading fashion to identify and target pathogens for destruction. This system is part of the innate immune response, but can also interact with the adaptive immune response.

Question 8

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels, and increase in their permeability. Which of the signs of inflammation are therefore associated with histamine release?

Accepted Answer

Histamine release is associated with dilation of blood vessels and increasing their permeability, which leads to both redness and heat and swelling. Pain is not directly associated with histamine release. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect. Option E is incorrect because histamine release does not directly cause fever, which is another sign of inflammation.

Question 9

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll. What is Toll's function?

Accepted Answer

Toll's function is to act as a receptor that signals the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides when activated by fungal cell wall elements or other specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This process is known as the Toll pathway and is a crucial mechanism for the innate immune response in insects.

Question 10

Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Both the eye and the respiratory tract...

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-A bacterium has elements on its surface that are resistant to lysozyme. If an individual is infected with this bacterium, what is a probable consequence?

Accepted Answer

The resistance of the bacterium's surface to lysozyme implies that it is able to evade host defenses which utilize lysozyme to break down bacterial cell walls. This gives the bacterium an advantage in reproducing and causing continued disease.

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen?

Accepted Answer

The thymus is responsible for the maturation and differentiation of T cells. Without a functional thymus, T cells would not develop and properly differentiate, impacting cellular immunity.

Question 13

Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Inflammatory responses typically involve an increased activity of phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages in the inflamed area, as they work to engulf and destroy invading pathogens.

Answer: D
 Inflammatory responses may also involve the release of substances (like histamine) that cause blood vessels to constrict, reducing the blood supply to the inflamed area. This can help limit the spread of pathogens and further inflammation.

Choices A, C, and E are not accurate descriptions of typical inflammatory responses.

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because

Accepted Answer

The answer of Use the following information to answer the...

Question 15

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-What are antigens?

Accepted Answer

Antigens are foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies by the immune system.

Question 16

Which action below is affected by an antihistamine?

Accepted Answer

Antihistamines work by blocking the action of histamine, a chemical released by the immune system as part of an allergic reaction. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate, leading to inflammation and symptoms such as itching and swelling. By blocking histamine, antihistamines can reduce these symptoms.

Question 17

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Clonal selection is an explanation for how

Accepted Answer

Clonal selection explains how an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies by selectively activating and replicating specific B cells.

Question 18

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented from harming its metabolism. Which of the following is most likely to function this way in the insect's intestine?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme is an enzyme that can degrade bacterial cell walls and is present in the insect intestine as a part of the nonspecific innate immunity. It is not specific to any particular pathogen, making it nonspecific in its mechanism of action. Complement is a system of proteins that act in a sequence to opsonize pathogens and recruit immune cells, while neutrophils and dendritic cells are types of immune cells. Mucus is a physical barrier that can prevent pathogens from entering the body but is not part of the insect's innate immune response.

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, can be life threatening. What causes septic shock?

Accepted Answer

Septic shock is caused by certain bacterial infections, such as sepsis.

Question 20

Use the following information to answer the following questions.
Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation.
-Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such art?

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions "the major signs of inflammation," which include swelling, heat, redness, and pain. Therefore, Option E is the best choice. Options A and C are partially correct but do not include all the major signs of inflammation, whereas Options B and D are unrelated to inflammation symptoms.

Quiz 43: The Immune System

A bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the following?

Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Clonal selection implies that

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Which of the following is the most likely reason that ancient peoples sought to identify inflammation?

How do people contract salmonella poisoning?

Which statement about the complement system is True?

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll. What is Toll's function?

Both the eye and the respiratory tract are protected against infections by which of the following?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen?

Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -What are antigens?

Which action below is affected by an antihistamine?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Clonal selection is an explanation for how

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity that can be nonspecific about which pathogens are prevented from harming its metabolism. Which of the following is most likely to function this way in the insect's intestine?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, can be life threatening. What causes septic shock?

Use the following information to answer the following questions. Cave art by early humans recognized the existence of the major signs of inflammation. -Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such art?