Question 1

Groupthink refers to
A)a person whose role is to argue against a dominant idea.
B)a person&#8217;s natural desire to avoid conflict and lean toward group consensus,even when the group&#8217;s opinion does not reflect his/her own opinion.
C)the tendency for interviewees to think alike.
D)the use of a moderator to get focus group participants to respond similarly on questions.
E)respondents who share similar socio-economic attributes.

Accepted Answer

Groupthink refers to the tendency for individuals within a group to prioritize conformity over individual opinion, often resulting in a flawed decision-making process. This phenomenon can occur when members of a group prioritize harmony over constructive criticism, leading to avoiding conflict and leaning towards group consensus even when it may not reflect their individual beliefs.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of qualitative interviews?
A)They allow the researcher to see the world from the interviewee&#8217;s perspective.
B)Reading reports that use qualitative interviewing for data collection is very engaging,and creates a sense of intimacy between the researcher,interviewees,and the reader.
C)Qualitative interviews are a valuable method for studying understudied or previously understudied populations.
D)Qualitative interview data can create theories that can give rise to future research,including quantitative research.
E)Sample sizes are usually small in comparison to those used in quantitative research.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative interviews typically involve smaller sample sizes, which is a limitation rather than an advantage compared to quantitative research.

Question 3

Which of the following is often a limitation of using focus groups?
A)People won&#8217;t talk in a natural setting like a focus group.
B)People in focus groups do not comment on what others in the group said.
C)People feel more empowered,especially marginalized groups in society.
D)In focus groups everyone always comes to total agreement;there is no diversity of opinion.
E)Focus groups produce fewer ideas than those that occur in individual interviews.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is often a...

Question 4

Define the following:direct questions

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:direct questions...

Question 5

Qualitative researchers appreciate that the interview's meaning is shaped by its gestalt.What does the term gestalt denote?
A)Where individual interviews fit along a spectrum from ethical to unethical
B)The nature of an interview&#8217;s subject matter
C)The whole interaction of a researcher and a member in a specific context
D)The emotional dynamics of the interview process and the participants relation to the subject matter
E)The power asymmetries between researchers and participants

Accepted Answer

The term gestalt refers to the whole interaction between the researcher and the participant in a specific context. It encompasses all aspects of the interview process including the interviewer's approach, the participant's responses, and the contextual factors that shape the conversation. Qualitative researchers recognize the importance of understanding gestalt because it can provide insights into how meaning is constructed and how different factors influence the interview process.

Question 6

A question by an interviewer such as "I would now like to discuss another issue ..." is an example of a(n)
A)specifying question.
B)direct question.
C)indirect question.
D)structuring question.
E)introducing question.

Accepted Answer

The question is a structuring question as it is used to introduce a new topic or issue in an interview. It doesn't seek a direct answer but rather frames the conversation.

Question 7

In order to increase the trustworthiness of their qualitative interview data,researchers should ensure that
A)their data is made available to other interested researchers who may want to reanalyze it.
B)they interview their respondents more than once.
C)they develop research questions prior to conducting their interviews.
D)their respondents are telling the truth.
E)they select participants who are as homogeneous as possible.

Accepted Answer

Making the data available to other researchers allows for peer review and the possibility of replication, which increases the credibility and trustworthiness of the data.

Question 8

In which kind of question are interviewees prompted to give their account of a situation or experience?
A)Specifying questions
B)Structuring questions
C)Introducing questions
D)Interpreting question
E)Indirect question

Accepted Answer

Introducing questions are used to prompt interviewees to speak about a specific situation or experience they have had. These types of questions begin with phrases such as "Can you describe...", "Tell me about...", or "Walk me through...". The other answer choices do not fit this description.

Question 9

An interview guide is essential in order to
A)get the researcher to stay focused on the research question.
B)keep the researcher to a chronological question order.
C)ensure that the researcher covers all topics.
D)A and B
E)A and C

Accepted Answer

An interview guide is necessary to ensure that the researcher remains focused on the research question and covers all of the necessary topics. This means that both option A (to get the researcher to stay focused on the research question) and option C (to ensure that the researcher covers all topics) are correct. On the other hand, option B (keeping the researcher to a chronological question order) is not always necessary, especially if the interview structure is flexible and allows for the participant to guide the conversation.

Question 10

Using ________ can actually encourage a participant to continue talking.
A)personal experience
B)silence
C)asking for details
D)talking about specific topics
E)the Socratic method

Accepted Answer

Silence can be a powerful tool in encouraging participants to continue talking. When the interviewer or facilitator remains quiet after a participant has finished speaking, it signals that they are still interested and open to hearing more. This can help the participant feel more comfortable and encouraged to share additional thoughts or details.

Question 11

A major development (project)for qualitative data resources in recent years has been
A)eliminating international restrictions which made it difficult for some to access qualitative data resources.
B)eliminating restrictions which made it difficult for researchers without academic affiliations to access qualitative data resources.
C)enforcing standards of trustworthiness in agencies that generate qualitative data.
D)discerning links between qualitative and quantitative data.
E)efforts to archive qualitative data.

Accepted Answer

Efforts to archive qualitative data have been a major development in recent years. This has been driven by the recognition of the value of qualitative data for future research and the need for transparency and reproducibility in research findings. Archiving qualitative data also ensures the ongoing availability of data for future researchers and helps to address issues of data sharing and access.

Question 12

At what point in the interview are direct questions typically used?
A)Beginning
B)Middle
C)End
D)After indirect questions
E)Before indirect questions

Accepted Answer

Direct questions are typically used in the middle of an interview to gather specific information after establishing rapport and context.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the use of incentives in qualitative research is NOT true?
A)Incentives can be cash honorariums.
B)Instead of offering individual interviewees incentives,researchers can give incentives to communities and organizations upon completion of a research project.
C)Researchers can offer participants cash to compensate them for their time.
D)It is unethical to offer incentive for participation unless it would be difficult to obtain important information without such an offer.
E)Whether individual participants receive the same compensation as other participants,or any material compensation,can be left up to chance as when a researcher enters participants names into a draw for prizes.

Accepted Answer

It is not necessarily unethical to offer incentives for participation, but it is important to consider whether the offer could be coercive or undermine the voluntary nature of participation. In some cases, offering incentives may be necessary to compensate participants for their time or make participation feasible for them, but careful consideration should be given to the type and amount of incentive offered.

Question 14

According to Kvale's typology,__________ questions are used to solicit additional descriptions of topics just discussed by the interviewee,while __________ questions are used to prompt interviewees to expand on incomplete points.
A)follow-up;probe
B)probe;follow-up
C)probe;specifying
D)follow-up;specifying
E)specifying;interpreting

Accepted Answer

Kvale's typology suggests that follow-up questions are used to get more detail about a topic that has just been discussed, while probing questions are used to prompt interviewees to expand on incomplete points. Therefore, the best answer would be A, which correctly matches "follow-up" with "additional descriptions" and "probe" with "expand on incomplete points."

Question 15

Define the following:devil's advocate

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:devil's advocate...

Question 16

A limitation of focus group interviews is the so-called "polarization effect." This means that
A)a moderator may unknowingly limit open,free expression of group members.
B)focus group participants produce fewer ideas than individual interviews do.
C)attitudes become more extreme after group discussion.
D)it is not clear whom the members of the focus group are representing-themselves,social groups,or their membership in the focus group.
E)the natural setting allows people to express opinions/ideas freely.

Accepted Answer

The "polarization effect" refers to the tendency for members of a focus group to become more extreme in their attitudes after group discussion. This could lead to biases in the results of the focus group and limits the validity of the findings.

Question 17

Define the following:focus group

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define the following:focus group...

Question 18

While participating as a member of a focus group assembled to discuss the emotional impact of workplace injuries,Connor Cummerbund took it upon himself to question the dominant ideas affirmed by the rest of the group and introduce new questions about the nature of employment contracts.Which of the following applies to Connor's behaviour?
A)Groupthink
B)Devil&#8217;s advocate
C)Speaking from many &#8220;voices&#8221;
D)Speaking from marginalized &#8220;voices&#8221;
E)Polarizing discussion

Accepted Answer

Connor's behaviour of questioning the dominant ideas and introducing new perspectives is characteristic of playing the "devil's advocate." This approach helps to bring about a more robust and critical discussion by challenging the assumptions and biases of the group. It is a useful strategy for eliciting new ideas and perspectives without relying solely on the dominant viewpoints of the majority.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of an "indirect question" used in qualitative interviewing?
A)Why do you think young men are attracted to high-risk sports like heli-skiing?
B)What does it feel like to participate in high-risk sports activities?
C)From what you have said,you really enjoy participating in high-risk sports activities?
D)So,it is all basically about the adrenaline rush?
E)I was just wondering,how do you feel about high-risk sports in general?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an example...

Question 20

A main feature of focus group interviews is
A)that the group being interviewed should be as heterogeneous as possible.
B)that the group being interviewed should be as homogeneous as possible.
C)that the group being interviewed should be as diverse as possible.
D)that the researcher should use a wide variety of related research questions.
E)that the individuals who make up the focus group should be made up of a variety of age categories,ethnic groups,and occupational backgrounds.

Accepted Answer

The main feature of focus group interviews is that the group being interviewed should be as homogeneous as possible. This is because homogeneity in the group ensures that participants share similar experiences and perspectives, which helps to facilitate discussion and generate more in-depth insights. It also helps to reduce the effects of social desirability and groupthink.

Quiz 12: Qualitative Interviewing

Groupthink refers to

Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages of qualitative interviews?

Which of the following is often a limitation of using focus groups?

Define the following:direct questions

Qualitative researchers appreciate that the interview's meaning is shaped by its gestalt.What does the term gestalt denote?

A question by an interviewer such as "I would now like to discuss another issue ..." is an example of a(n)

In order to increase the trustworthiness of their qualitative interview data,researchers should ensure that

In which kind of question are interviewees prompted to give their account of a situation or experience?

An interview guide is essential in order to

Using ________ can actually encourage a participant to continue talking.

A major development (project) for qualitative data resources in recent years has been

At what point in the interview are direct questions typically used?

Which of the following statements about the use of incentives in qualitative research is NOT true?

According to Kvale's typology, questions are used to solicit additional descriptions of topics just discussed by the interviewee,while questions are used to prompt interviewees to expand on incomplete points.

<a name="_GoBack"></a>Define the following:devil's advocate

A limitation of focus group interviews is the so-called "polarization effect." This means that

Define the following:focus group

Which of the following is an example of an "indirect question" used in qualitative interviewing?

A main feature of focus group interviews is