Question 1

There is evidence that some types of family experiences,such as _________,promote the development of alcohol problems.

Accepted Answer

Certain types of parenting, such as permissive or neglectful parenting styles, have been linked to the development of alcohol problems in children.

Question 2

People who have close relatives who are dependent on alcohol are about ________ times more likely than others to become alcoholics themselves.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that individuals with close relatives who are dependent on alcohol are about three to four times more likely to develop alcoholism themselves due to genetic and environmental factors.

Question 3

Research evidence suggests that a genetic vulnerability to alcohol may involve a combination of getting relatively ________ pleasure from the drug and a ________ biological tolerance for the drug.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that individuals with a genetic predisposition to alcohol may experience greater pleasure from alcohol consumption and also have a greater biological tolerance, which can lead to increased consumption and potential for addiction.

Question 4

Twin studies have found that in regards to inheriting a risk for alcoholism,there is ________.

Accepted Answer

Twin studies have shown that genetic factors play a more significant role in the risk of alcoholism for males compared to females.

Question 5

Twin studies have found ________.

Accepted Answer

Twin studies have consistently shown that there is a greater concordance rate of alcoholism for monozygotic twins (who share 100% of their genetic material) than for dizygotic twins (who share on average 50% of their genetic material). This suggests that genetics plays a role in the development of alcohol use disorders.

Question 6

The learning perspective regards substance use problems as __________.

Accepted Answer

The learning perspective views substance use problems as problem habits, suggesting that these behaviors are learned and can be unlearned through behavioral change techniques.

Question 7

Whenever Jean hangs around her "drinking buddies," she is overwhelmed with cravings to drink alcohol.In the classical conditioning model,her cravings represent ________.

Accepted Answer

In the classical conditioning model, cravings that are triggered by a specific stimulus (in this case, hanging around "drinking buddies") are considered conditioned responses. This is because the cravings are learned reactions to a specific set of conditions or stimuli (the presence of her drinking buddies), rather than natural or unlearned reactions.

Question 8

Learning theories stress that the most powerful factor in people becoming dependent on drugs such as cocaine is ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Learning theories suggest that positive reinforcement, in which the drug use produces pleasurable effects or rewards, is the most powerful factor in drug addiction. Negative reinforcement, or the removal of unpleasant feelings, can also contribute to drug addiction, but it is not as powerful as positive reinforcement. Social factors, such as peer pressure and availability of drugs, can also be influential in drug addiction, but they are not considered learning theories. Delayed reinforcement, where the effects of drug use may not be immediately apparent, is not a major factor in drug addiction according to learning theories.

Question 9

Research identifying a specific gene in the transmission of a vulnerability to alcoholism has led to speculation that the gene may disrupt the activity of ________ receptors in the brain.

Accepted Answer

The specific gene identified in the transmission of a vulnerability to alcoholism is known as the GABRA2 gene. This gene may disrupt the activity of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors in the brain, which are involved in regulating dopamine release. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with reward and pleasure, and disruptions to dopamine signaling have been implicated in addiction, including alcoholism. Therefore, dopamine receptors are the most likely choice for the missing word in the statement.

Question 10

Drugs,including nicotine from cigarette smoking,may also be used as a form of self-medication for _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Drugs,including nicotine from cigarette smoking,may also be...

Question 11

When the body becomes habituated to opiates,it ceases production of ________.

Accepted Answer

Endorphins are naturally produced pain relieving chemicals that are similar in structure to opiates. When someone takes opiates regularly, their body may stop producing endorphins on its own. This can lead to withdrawal symptoms when the person tries to stop taking the opiates.

Question 12

Rhesus monkeys will work continuously for _______ until they die.

Accepted Answer

Rhesus monkeys will work continuously for cocaine until they die. This was demonstrated in a study by psychologist Martin Seligman in which monkeys were given the choice between pressing levers for either cocaine or food. The monkeys chose cocaine to the point of exhaustion, and some even died from it.

Question 13

For most adolescents,alcohol is used primarily to ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For most adolescents,alcohol is used primarily to...

Question 14

Many agree that alcohol and drug problems are due to a combination of environment and __________ factors in men but are entirely due to __________ factors in women.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that alcohol and drug problems have a strong genetic component in both men and women, but environmental factors also play a significant role in men. However, in women, the contribution of environmental factors to alcohol and drug problems is much greater than genetic factors. Therefore, option C fits the statement accurately.

Question 15

A recent study of the metabolization of alcohol found that men with family members who suffer from alcoholism ________.

Accepted Answer

Men with family members who suffer from alcoholism tend to metabolize alcohol more quickly than men who are nonalcoholics, which can influence their alcohol consumption patterns and potentially their risk for developing alcoholism.

Question 16

In the case of _______,people learn the drug can produce reinforcing effects,such as feelings of euphoria and reductions in states of anxiety and tension

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the case of _______,people learn the...

Question 17

There appears to be a common pathway in the brain involving the neurotransmitter ________ that may explain the pleasure-inducing effects of many drugs.

Accepted Answer

The neurotransmitter dopamine is commonly associated with the pleasure and reward centers of the brain. Many drugs, including stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines, as well as opioids like heroin and morphine, are known to increase dopamine levels in the brain, leading to feelings of euphoria and reinforcing drug-seeking behavior.

Question 18

Whenever Jean hangs around her "drinking buddies," she is overwhelmed with cravings to drink alcohol.In the classical conditioning model,her "drinking buddies" represent ________.

Accepted Answer

The "drinking buddies" have become a conditioned stimulus, which triggers a conditioned response (cravings for alcohol). This is classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the drinking buddies) has been associated with an unconditioned stimulus (alcohol) to produce a conditioned response (cravings for alcohol).

Question 19

Researchers suspect that drugs such as nicotine,alcohol,heroin,cocaine,and even marijuana produce pleasurable effects by increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine-the brain's___________ agent.

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is known to play a role in the brain's reward system. Increased levels of dopamine are associated with feelings of pleasure and reinforcement, which may contribute to the addictive properties of drugs such as nicotine, alcohol, heroin, cocaine, and marijuana.

Question 20

Once people have developed a dependence on drugs,________ plays the major role in the maintenance of their drug habits.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, such as withdrawal symptoms, by taking drugs. This provides relief and reinforces drug-taking behavior, making it more likely that the person will continue to use drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Positive reinforcement, on the other hand, involves receiving a reward or pleasurable experience from drug use, such as feeling high, and intermittent and delayed reinforcement are not as significant in maintaining drug habits as negative reinforcement.

Quiz 7: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders