Question 1

Which of the following has NOT been voiced as a criticism of trait theories?

Accepted Answer

Trait theories are based on identifying and measuring dimensions of personality, and there are many psychological inventories that are designed to measure traits (such as the Big Five Inventory or the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator). Therefore, trait theories can be measured and assessed by psychological inventories.

Question 2

The primary contributors to social-cognitive theory are

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theory was primarily contributed by Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter, and Walter Mischel. They built upon the traditional behaviorist theory by emphasizing the importance of cognitive processes in behavior and learning. Skinner, Watson, and Pavlov are associated with behaviorism and not social-cognitive theory. Jung, Adler, and Horney are associated with psychoanalytic theory, and Allport, Eysenck, and Cattell are associated with trait theory. Maslow, Rogers, and Murray are associated with humanistic theory.

Question 3

The most widely adopted trait model of personality today is the

Accepted Answer

The five-factor model, also known as the Big Five personality traits, is the most widely adopted trait model of personality in modern psychology. It is based on five broad dimensions of personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The model has been extensively researched and validated across cultures and has been found to have practical applications in various fields, including psychology, education, and human resources.

Question 4

In the five-factor model of personality,the extent to which a person is sensitive,warm,and tolerant versus callous,cold,and hostile is captured in which personality factor?

Accepted Answer

The personality factor that captures the extent to which a person is sensitive, warm and tolerant versus callous, cold and hostile is agreeableness. Agreeableness is one of the five dimensions of personality in the five-factor model and refers to a person's tendency to be cooperative, empathetic, and kind rather than critical, suspicious, and antagonistic.

Question 5

Watson and Skinner believed that

Accepted Answer

Watson and Skinner were behaviorists who believed that personality is shaped by rewards and punishments, rather than by unconscious forces or traits. They believed that behavior can be modified through operant conditioning, where positive reinforcement (reward) increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring, while negative reinforcement (punishment) decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Question 6

Research on the five-factor model of personality has found all but which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Research generally shows that neuroticism is associated with lower relationship satisfaction, but extraversion is often linked to higher relationship satisfaction, not lower.

Question 7

In their freshman year of college,Kym and Joey take a test of the "Big Five" in their psychology course.Fifteen years later,their scores on which factor(s)is (are)MOST likely to change?

Accepted Answer

Conscientiousness and agreeableness are the two factors of the Big Five personality traits that are most likely to change over time, often increasing as people age and mature.

Question 8

Dr.Provost lectures to her Psychology of Personality class on the "Big Five." What is the topic of Provost's lecture?

Accepted Answer

The topic of the lecture is "Big Five," which is commonly referred to as the "five-factor model of personality." This model includes five personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Question 9

In the five-factor models of personality,which two traits parallel two of Eysenck's traits?

Accepted Answer

In the five-factor model of personality, extraversion and neuroticism parallel two of Eysenck's traits, namely extraversion and neuroticism.

Question 10

Regarding Eysenck's model of personality,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's trait model is less complicated than Cattell's.

Question 11

The most widely held view in contemporary psychology is that _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The most widely held view in contemporary...

Question 12

Tifara takes a personality test measuring the "Big Five" factors of personality.Results from one of the test's subscales suggest that Tifara is conforming,practical,and conventional.Which factor is being measured with this subscale?

Accepted Answer

Openness is characterized by traits such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait tend to have a broad range of interests. The description of Tifara as conforming, practical, and conventional suggests a low level of openness, as these traits are opposite to the creativity and willingness to explore new experiences typically associated with high openness.

Question 13

An extension of behaviorism that includes roles for internal mental processes and the influences of other people on our behavior is called

Accepted Answer

The extension of behaviorism that includes internal mental processes and the social influences on behavior is known as social-cognitive theory. This theory emphasizes the importance of both environmental and personal factors in shaping behavior.

Question 14

Social-cognitive theorists believe that personality is

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theorists believe that personality is composed of both learned behavior and the ways that individuals think about themselves and the world. They view personality as a constantly evolving process that results from interactions between the individual and their environment. This approach takes into account both nature and nurture influences on personality development.

Question 15

In social-cognitive theory,all but which of the following play a role in explaining personality?

Accepted Answer

Social-cognitive theory focuses on conscious thoughts, beliefs, and expectations, and does not give much weight to unconscious impulses. Therefore, option E is the only one that does not play a role in explaining personality according to this theory.

Question 16

The construct of ______represents the belief that behavior involves an interrelationship between personality traits and situational factors.

Accepted Answer

The construct of interactionism reflects the belief that both personality traits and situational factors interact to influence behavior, taking into account both internal and external factors. Choice A, eclecticism, refers to the approach of selecting from multiple theoretical perspectives to create a personalized theory. Choice B, interactive associationism, is not a recognized construct in psychology. Choice C, reciprocal determinism, focuses on how individuals' behavior, environment, and personal factors interact and influence each other over time. Choice D, self-efficacy expectations, refers to individuals' beliefs in their ability to succeed in specific situations.

Question 17

Which of the following students is demonstrating a positive expectancy about schoolwork?

Accepted Answer

Aston's belief that studying will improve his chances of getting a good grade demonstrates a positive expectancy about schoolwork. The other options either demonstrate a negative expectancy or a neutral attitude.

Question 18

In social-cognitive theory,expectancies are

Accepted Answer

In social-cognitive theory, expectancies refer to personal predictions or beliefs about the outcomes of one's behavior. These can be based on past experiences or observations of others, and can shape future behavior.

Question 19

Current research on the "factors" of personality suggests that there are _____ major personality factors that best describe human personality.

Accepted Answer

The current research on personality factors suggests that there are five major personality factors, also known as the "Big Five": openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. These factors have been found to be relatively stable across cultures and consistent over time.

Question 20

Cybill takes a personality test based on Eysenck's theory and finds that her "type" is extraverted-stable.Which description most likely fits Cybill?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cybill takes a personality test based on...

Quiz 11: Personality