Question 1

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?
A)pragmatic
B)inductive
C)syllogistic
D)prepositional

Accepted Answer

Verbal analogies are solved using inductive reasoning, where specific observations or specific instances are used to form a general conclusion. Inductive reasoning allows for patterns to be identified and applied to new situations, which is essential in solving verbal analogies.

Question 2

Any time an event occurs there may be any number of contributing factors (e.g. ,computer crash).For this particular phenomenon,_____,once we find one factor we often stop looking for other contributing factors.
A)exclusion fallacy
B)bounded rationality
C)overextension errors
D)discounting error

Accepted Answer

The discounting error refers to the tendency to disregard or underestimate the importance of other contributing factors once a single factor has been identified. This is particularly relevant in the context of explaining events like a computer crash, where multiple factors could be at play, but identifying one might lead to ignoring others.

Question 3

The fundamental distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning is that
A)with deductive reasoning we can never reach a logically certain conclusion.
B)deductive reasoning takes more time and is more difficult.
C)with inductive reasoning we can never reach a logically certain conclusion.
D)inductive reasoning takes more time and is more difficult.

Accepted Answer

The fundamental distinction is that deductive reasoning aims at reaching logically certain conclusions based on premises assumed to be true, while inductive reasoning involves making generalizations based on observations, which means its conclusions are not guaranteed to be logically certain.

Question 4

Research into inductive reasoning takes a look at how people make judgments concerning what causes something else.
A)causal inferences
B)satisficing
C)subjective expected utility theory
D)discounting error

Accepted Answer

Inductive reasoning involves making causal inferences, or judgments about what causes something else based on observed patterns or correlations. The other options are unrelated concepts in psychology.

Question 5

"Fire is to asbestos as water is to (a)vinyl,(b)air,(c)cotton,(d)faucet." This is an example of
A)reasoning by analogy.
B)conditional reasoning.
C)social exchange schema.
D)bounded rationality.

Accepted Answer

The statement is using reasoning by analogy, where it compares fire to asbestos and water to some other material. The correct choice to complete this analogy is vinyl, which is a material that is resistant to water, just as asbestos is resistant to fire.

Question 6

Sloman suggests that we have two systems for reasoning,a rule-based system and
A(n)
A)random system.
B)dialectical system.
C)paradigmatic system.
D)associative system.

Accepted Answer

Sloman suggests that we have two systems for reasoning: a rule-based system and an associative system. The rule-based system is based on logical deduction and follows strict rules of inference. The associative system, on the other hand, works by making associations between ideas and experiences, and relies on heuristics and intuition.

Question 7

We tend to find support for our conclusions through our mental models and other cognitive processes when we engage in
A)pragmatic reasoning.
B)overextension errors.
C)confirmation bias.
D)overconfidence.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency for people to seek out information that supports their existing beliefs and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs. This can lead to a process of selective thinking where people see only what they want to see, reinforcing their preconceived notions.

Question 8

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "No A are B" in which a negative statement is made about all members in that class (e.g. ,no cognitive psychology students are unicyclists).
A)particular affirmative statements
B)particular negative statements
C)universal affirmatives
D)universal negative statements

Accepted Answer

The statement "No A are B" is a universal negative statement, which is a type of categorical syllogism.

Question 9

Putting all the pieces of evidence together leads us to a conclusion: "The butler did it." This reasoning is
A)deductive.
B)inductive.
C)abductive.
D)reductive.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Putting all the pieces of evidence together...

Question 10

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "Some A are not B" in which a subset of the members in that class are said to not belong to or posses quality B (e.g. ,some cognitive psychology students are not basketball players).
A)particular affirmative statements
B)particular negative statements
C)universal affirmatives
D)universal negative statements

Accepted Answer

"Some A are not B" is a particular negative statement, as it refers to a subset of A that does not belong to B.

Question 11

If we fail to consider all of the possibilities before reaching a conclusion,we are experiencing the __________ effect.
A)premise-phrasing
B)foreclosure
C)ad hominem
D)canon

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure refers to prematurely arriving at a decision or conclusion without fully considering all possibilities or alternatives. This can lead to biased thinking or a lack of openness to new information.

Question 12

Applying prior strategies with syllogisms to new situations in which they may not work would be a type of heuristic which is called
A)opportunity costs.
B)illusory correlation.
C)overextension errors.
D)discounting error.

Accepted Answer

Overextension error is the heuristic in which prior strategies or mental models are applied to new situations where they may not be relevant or appropriate. This can lead to errors in judgment or decision-making. The other options - opportunity costs, illusory correlation, and discounting error - are different heuristics with different definitions and applications.

Question 13

With this particular type of confirmation bias,one may have low expectations of another in which that person then respond with less of an effort.The person's behavior than "confirms" your beliefs.
A)availability heuristic
B)self-fulfilling prophecy
C)reasoning by analogy
D)overextension error

Accepted Answer

This type of confirmation bias is called self-fulfilling prophecy, where one's beliefs about another person influence their behavior towards that person, which then confirms the original beliefs.

Question 14

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "All A are B" in which a positive statement is made about all the members in that class (e.g. ,all cognitive psychology students are brilliant).
A)particular affirmative statements
B)particular negative statements
C)universal affirmatives
D)universal negative statements

Accepted Answer

The statement "All A are B" is a universal affirmative statement, which means it is a statement that claims all members of a particular class possess a certain quality, trait, or characteristic. In this case, the statement claims that all members of class A (cognitive psychology students) possess the quality of being brilliant, making it a universal affirmative statement.

Question 15

This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.
A)mental models
B)categorical syllogisms
C)linear syllogisms
D)categorical inferences

Accepted Answer

The theory described suggests the use of mental models, which are a type of representation used in cognitive psychology to describe how people think and reason about the world. This theory proposes that people construct mental models based on the premises of a syllogism, and that the conclusion is reached by comparing and evaluating these mental models. However, these conclusions may not always be deductively valid, as the mental models may not accurately reflect the real-world situation being described.

Question 16

This alternative view to reasoning suggests that there are two complementary systems for reasoning.One system,the ____,is involved with mental operations that are based on observed similarities and temporal contiguities while the ___ is involved with manipulating the relations among symbols.
A)heuristics;biases
B)biases;heuristics
C)association system;rule-base system
D)rule-base system;association system

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C) association system; rule-base system. This view posits that the association system is involved with mental operations based on observed similarities and temporal contiguities, while the rule-base system is involved with manipulating the relations among symbols.

Question 17

Janet is trying to solve a syllogism.The particular sequencing of the terms has prevented her from reaching an accurate conclusion.Instead of first deciding whether the syllogism is deductively valid,she jumps to a conclusion.Janet was influenced by __________ effects/reasoning.
A)premise-phrasing
B)foreclosure
C)ad hominem
D)overextension

Accepted Answer

Premise-phrasing refers to the way in which the premises of an argument are presented, particularly in terms of how the terms are sequenced. If the sequencing is confusing or misleading, it can lead to erroneous conclusions, which seems to be the case with Janet. She has mistakenly jumped to a conclusion without properly evaluating the deductive validity of the argument, which suggests that she may have been influenced by the way in which the premises were phrased.

Question 18

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "Some A are B" in which a subset of the members in that class are said to belong to or posses quality B (e.g. ,some cognitive psychology students are basketball players).
A)particular affirmative statements
B)particular negative statements
C)universal affirmatives
D)universal negative statements

Accepted Answer

Particular affirmative statements are statements in which some members of the category are included in the statement. In the given example, "some cognitive psychology students are basketball players" is a particular affirmative statement as it includes only some members (subset) of the category "cognitive psychology students."

Question 19

If people were asked which of the following sequences would be the most probable,how would most people respond? Why?
Nine marbles are drawn at random from a bin containing 33 red,33 white,and 33 blue marbles.The drawn marbles are then lined up.The possible sequences are as follows:
R,W,R,B,W,W,B,R,B
R,R,R,R,W,W,W,W,B
B,R,W,R,B,W,B,R,W
R,R,R,R,R,R,R,R,R

Accepted Answer

The answer of If people were asked which of the...

Question 20

Premise 1: No cats are dogs.Premise 2: Some people are nervous.Rob uses a particular strategy to solve a categorical syllogism.Based on premise 2 (above),his conclusion is negative.Based on premise 2,his conclusion is particular.The strategy Rob is using is the
A)Venn diagram.
B)illicit-conversion strategy.
C)pragmatic-reasoning schema.
D)atmosphere theory.

Accepted Answer

The atmosphere theory suggests that the conclusion's quality (negative or positive) and quantity (universal or particular) are influenced by the premises. Since Rob's conclusion is negative and particular, aligning with the quality and quantity of premise 2 ("Some people are nervous"), it indicates he's using the atmosphere theory, which posits that the nature of the premises influences the perceived nature of the conclusion.

Quiz 12: Decision Making and Reasoning

Which form of reasoning is used in solving verbal analogies?

Any time an event occurs there may be any number of contributing factors (e.g. ,computer crash) .For this particular phenomenon,_____,once we find one factor we often stop looking for other contributing factors.

The fundamental distinction between deductive and inductive reasoning is that

Research into inductive reasoning takes a look at how people make judgments concerning what causes something else.

"Fire is to asbestos as water is to (a) vinyl,(b) air,(c) cotton,(d) faucet." This is an example of

Sloman suggests that we have two systems for reasoning,a rule-based system and A(n)

We tend to find support for our conclusions through our mental models and other cognitive processes when we engage in

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "No A are B" in which a negative statement is made about all members in that class (e.g. ,no cognitive psychology students are unicyclists) .

Putting all the pieces of evidence together leads us to a conclusion: "The butler did it." This reasoning is

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "Some A are not B" in which a subset of the members in that class are said to not belong to or posses quality B (e.g. ,some cognitive psychology students are not basketball players) .

If we fail to consider all of the possibilities before reaching a conclusion,we are experiencing the __________ effect.

Applying prior strategies with syllogisms to new situations in which they may not work would be a type of heuristic which is called

With this particular type of confirmation bias,one may have low expectations of another in which that person then respond with less of an effort.The person's behavior than "confirms" your beliefs.

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "All A are B" in which a positive statement is made about all the members in that class (e.g. ,all cognitive psychology students are brilliant) .

This theory for solving syllogisms suggests that semantic processes are used to construct an analogous representation which may or may not lead to deductively valid conclusion.

This alternative view to reasoning suggests that there are two complementary systems for reasoning.One system,the __,is involved with mental operations that are based on observed similarities and temporal contiguities while the _ is involved with manipulating the relations among symbols.

Janet is trying to solve a syllogism.The particular sequencing of the terms has prevented her from reaching an accurate conclusion.Instead of first deciding whether the syllogism is deductively valid,she jumps to a conclusion.Janet was influenced by __________ effects/reasoning.

These types of statements for a categorical syllogism are in the form "Some A are B" in which a subset of the members in that class are said to belong to or posses quality B (e.g. ,some cognitive psychology students are basketball players) .

Premise 1: No cats are dogs.Premise 2: Some people are nervous.Rob uses a particular strategy to solve a categorical syllogism.Based on premise 2 (above) ,his conclusion is negative.Based on premise 2,his conclusion is particular.The strategy Rob is using is the