Question 1

The __________ feminist approach explains women's deviance and crime as a rational response to the gender discrimination that women experience in families and the workplace.

Accepted Answer

The liberal feminist approach posits that women's deviance and crime can be seen as a rational response to the gender discrimination they face in various spheres of life, including in families and the workplace. This perspective emphasizes the need for equal opportunities and rights as a way to address these issues.

Question 2

Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes__________________________.

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's social bonding theory emphasizes the importance of attachment to other people, specifically to parents, peers, schools, and communities, as a key factor in preventing individuals from engaging in deviant behavior. The theory also emphasizes commitment to conformity, involvement in conventional activities, and a belief in the legitimacy of social norms and rules. It does not focus on a lack of commitment to conformity, involvement in unconventional activities, or willingness to rebel against authority as key factors in deviance.

Question 3

Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.

Accepted Answer

Reckless's containment theory suggests that "outer containments," such as supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others, help prevent individuals from engaging in deviant behavior.

Question 4

Becker coined the term __________ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.

Accepted Answer

Becker's concept of "moral entrepreneurs" refers to individuals or groups who take an active role in defining and enforcing moral codes or norms in society. They often use their own moral perspectives to create rules about what is considered deviant or conventional behavior, and may influence societal reactions to these behaviors through advocacy or activism.

Question 5

In the early twentieth century drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of __________.

Accepted Answer

Marxist critical theory posits that laws are created to maintain the power structures of dominant groups in society. In this case, drug laws were enforced to control and oppress Chinese immigrant workers who were being exploited by corporations.

Question 6

Sutherland's __________ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.

Accepted Answer

Sutherland's differential association theory posits that one's peer group and interactions with others can shape their attitudes and behaviors toward deviance or conformity. This theory suggests that if someone associates with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity, they may be more likely to deviate from societal norms themselves.

Question 7

Although there is no single feminist perspective on deviance and crime, three schools of thought have emerged, including the___________________________.

Accepted Answer

These three schools of thought have emerged within feminist perspectives on deviance and crime, each emphasizing different factors such as structural inequality (liberal feminism), patriarchy and gender roles (conservative feminism), and societal norms and values (Durkheimian feminism). There is no established school of thought referred to as the "ultrafeminist approach."

Question 8

A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of __________.

Accepted Answer

Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of the capitalist economic system, which creates inequality and a lack of access to resources for certain segments of the population. According to this perspective, crime is a product of the inherent contradictions of capitalism, in which wealth and power are concentrated in the hands of a few and the masses are left with few opportunities to improve their social and economic status.

Question 9

During the mid-1970s, advocates of __________ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.

Accepted Answer

Advocates of emancipation theory believed that as women gained more freedom and equality in society, they would also have the opportunity to engage in criminal behavior previously restricted to men. Therefore, they predicted an increase in women's crime rates as a result of the women's liberation movement.

Question 10

Differential association explains________________________________.

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory explains how one may be socialized into deviance by interacting with others who hold deviant attitudes and engage in deviant behavior.

Question 11

__________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory, developed by Edwin Sutherland, posits that people learn deviant behavior through their interactions with family and friends who hold different values and norms. Through these social relationships, individuals learn whether to engage in or abstain from deviant behavior.

Question 12

Criminologist Ronald Akers created the __________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social processes.

Accepted Answer

Ronald Akers created differential reinforcement theory.

Question 13

Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that young, single, urban males are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts. Studies have consistently found that race, gender, and socioeconomic status significantly impact how individuals are perceived in the criminal justice system. Being young, male, and urban already puts someone at a higher risk for being perceived as a criminal, but being single can also contribute to this perception as single individuals are typically seen as more impulsive and deviant than married individuals.

Question 14

Sociologist Walter Reckless suggests that many people do not resort to deviance because of __________ containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions.

Accepted Answer

Walter Reckless emphasizes on the role of inner containments such as self-control, a sense of responsibility, and resistance to diversions in preventing deviance. These are personal factors that help individuals resist the temptation to engage in deviant behavior.

Question 15

The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes the ___________ theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes...

Question 16

Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of __________ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's control theory is based on the idea that social bonding, or the strength of an individual's connections to conventional society, acts as a control against deviant behavior. The stronger the social bond, the less likely an individual is to engage in criminal or delinquent activities. Formal containments, fear of reprisal, and social class can also be factors, but the primary focus of Hirschi's theory is on social bonding.

Question 17

Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the __________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

Accepted Answer

The labeling theory, as described, is based on the symbolic interactionist theory of Cooley and Mead. It argues that deviance is not inherent in certain behaviors but is instead determined by social control agencies (such as the police, courts, and media) labeling certain people as deviants. These individuals then internalize the label and behave accordingly, conforming to the expectations of society's judgment.

Question 18

__________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity-through engagement with others.

Accepted Answer

Symbolic interactionists focus on social processes and how individuals learn behavior through socialization. They view deviance as learned through the same social processes as conformity.

Question 19

The __________ feminist approach is based on the assumption that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy. From this approach, women's criminal behavior is linked to gender conflict created by the economic and social struggle that often takes place in postindustrial societies.

Accepted Answer

The Marxist (socialist) feminist approach argues that women's criminality is a result of the intersection of patriarchy and capitalism. Women are exploited not only by men, but also by the economic system. This approach sees women's criminality as a product of their unequal position in society and their struggle for economic and social equality.

Question 20

The __________ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.

Accepted Answer

The radical feminist approach argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy and focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences, leading to deviant behavior and criminal activities. The other options may take a different approach or may not directly address the role of patriarchy in women's criminal behavior.

Quiz 6: Deviance and Crime