Question 1

Describe Blumer's typology of crowds, including the more recent inclusion of protest crowds.

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

__________ refers to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

Accepted Answer

Relative deprivation refers to the feeling of discontent or injustice that arises when individuals compare themselves to others who are in similar situations and perceive that they are not getting what they feel they should. It is a relative measure of poverty or disadvantage and is influenced by social comparison processes. Conditional and structured deprivation are not commonly used terms in social sciences, while absolute deprivation refers to a lack of basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing.

Question 3

The social constructionist theorists have identified three ways of framing an issue. A __________ frame presents solutions or remedies based on the target that has been identified.

Accepted Answer

A prognostic frame identifies potential solutions or remedies based on the specific target that has been identified, making it the best answer option. A diagnostic frame characterizes the issue, whereas a motivational frame aims to motivate individuals or groups to take action. Behavioral frames focus on the actions or behaviors that need to be changed to address the issue.

Question 4

__________ theory is based on the assumption that participants in social movements make rational decisions about goals and actions and must have some degree of economic and political resources to make the movement a success.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources, such as money, political connections, and media attention, for the success of social movements. It assumes that participants in social movements are rational actors who make strategic decisions about goals and actions based on a cost-benefit analysis of available resources.

Question 5

Environmental justice and ecofeminism are examples of __________.

Accepted Answer

Environmental justice and ecofeminism are classified as new social movements, which aim to address social and environmental issues that have emerged in contemporary society. These movements differ from traditional reform movements in that they seek to challenge and transform deeply entrenched power structures and societal norms. Resistance movements are characterized by active opposition to social or political oppression, while millenarian movements are centered on apocalyptic beliefs and a desire to establish a utopian society.

Question 6

__________ theory takes into account the complexity of social movements and makes it possible to test assertions regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions that produce such movements.

Accepted Answer

The Value-added theory, developed by Neil Smelser, considers the complexity of social movements by identifying necessary and sufficient conditions that lead to their development, allowing for systematic testing of these conditions.

Question 7

__________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive, symbolically defined, and negotiated process that involves participants, opponents, and bystanders.

Accepted Answer

The social constructionist theory emphasizes the importance of symbols, meanings, and communication in the formation and mobilization of social movements. It views social movements as interactive and negotiated processes that involve not only the participants but also opponents and bystanders who shape and are shaped by the movement's message and actions. This theory emphasizes the social and cultural context in which social movements arise and emphasizes the importance of collective identities, framing processes, and symbolic resources in shaping the movement's goals, strategies, and outcomes.

Question 8

Movements are more likely to occur when a person, class, or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem. This illustrates the condition of __________ within value-added theory.

Accepted Answer

Structural conduciveness refers to the condition within a society that makes it ripe for social movements to occur, particularly when a specific source of a problem can be identified, facilitating the mobilization of movements.

Question 9

From the perspective of political opportunity theory, social movements__________.

Accepted Answer

Political opportunity theory posits that social movements arise from a combination of internal and external factors, including the opportunities and constraints presented by mainstream political systems. Social movements are not necessarily resistant to conventional governing systems but are interconnected with them.

Question 10

Contrast collective behavior with other forms of organizational behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

Distinguish between crowds and masses as forms of collective behavior.

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Question 12

__________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources in social movements, such as money, media attention, and political influence. The theory argues that successful social movements are able to acquire and effectively utilize these resources in order to advance their cause.

Question 13

Define mass behavior; describe the most frequent types of this behavior.

Accepted Answer

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Question 14

For a movement to develop, there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its causes, effects, and possible solutions. This illustrates the value-added condition of __________.

Accepted Answer

The value-added condition of "spread of a generalized belief" refers to the necessity for a movement to have a clear statement of the problem along with a shared understanding of its causes, effects, and potential solutions. This shared belief system is crucial for mobilizing collective action.

Question 15

As a social movement develops, leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. This is the value-added condition of __________.

Accepted Answer

Mobilization for action is the process of organizing individuals or groups to work together to achieve a common goal, which is facilitated by the emergence of leaders who provide direction and coordinate the efforts of others. Social control factors refer to the mechanisms that maintain order and conformity in a society, which is not related to the emergence of leaders in a social movement. The spread of a generalized belief refers to the diffusion of a shared set of ideas or values, which may or may not be led by identifiable leaders. Structural conduciveness refers to the presence of favorable conditions for a social movement to emerge and thrive, which may include factors such as social unrest, political opportunities, or cultural shifts. While the emergence of leaders may be facilitated by structural conduciveness, it is not the defining characteristic of this term.

Question 16

To reinforce the existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event         must occur. This is the __________ condition of value-added theory.

Accepted Answer

The precipitating factor is the condition during which an inciting incident or dramatic event is necessary to reinforce an existing generalized belief.

Question 17

Explain Le Bon's contagion theory of collective behavior, including the major criticisms of it.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem, tension occurs in the system. This is the condition of __________ within Smelser's value-added theory.

Accepted Answer

Structural strain refers to the tension that occurs within a system when there is a discrepancy between people's expectations and the ability of the system to meet those expectations. It is one of the conditions in Smelser's value-added theory that can lead to collective behavior or social movements.

Question 19

__________ reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis, in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Accepted Answer

The concept of frame analysis, which is attributed to Erving Goffman, is a key component of social constructionist theory. This theory suggests that societal understandings of reality are not objective truths, but rather are socially constructed through language, symbols, and cultural norms. The interpretation of events and activities is shaped by the cultural framework in which they occur. Therefore, social actors can actively shape and change social reality through their choices and actions.

Question 20

__________ theory is based on the assumption that certain conditions are necessary for the development of a social movement, and that each condition contributes to preceding conditions in making a social movement more likely.

Accepted Answer

The value-added theory argues that certain conditions, such as social unrest or widespread dissatisfaction, must be met before a social movement can emerge. Each condition then contributes to other conditions, such as the availability of resources or the development of mobilizing structures, which in turn make the social movement more likely to succeed. This theory emphasizes the importance of timing and strategic planning in the development of social movements.

Quiz 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change