Question 1

A scale consisting of multiple items,in which an item is a single question or statement to be evaluated,is called a ________.
A) forced rating scale
B) systematic scale
C) multiple measurement scale
D) multi-item scale
E) single question scale

Accepted Answer

A scale consisting of multiple items, in which an item is a single question or statement to be evaluated, is called a multi-item scale. The other options are not accurate or do not fit the description provided.

Question 2

A scale for measuring attitudes that consist of a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values is called a ________.
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential
C) Stapel scale
D) balanced rating scale
E) mid-range scale

Accepted Answer

A Stapel scale uses a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values, typically from -5 to +5, without a neutral zero point.

Question 3

A measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items is called ________.
A) coefficient alpha
B) coefficient beta
C) coefficient gamma
D) coefficient theta
E) splitting consistency

Accepted Answer

The measure described is coefficient alpha, which assesses the reliability of a scale by calculating the average of all possible split-half coefficients. Choice B, C, D, and E are not valid options for this measure.

Question 4

According to the text,while there is no single,optimal number,traditional guidelines suggest that there should be between ________ categories when using itemized rating scales.
A) one and four
B) five and nine
C) 10 and 14
D) 12 and 15
E) 15 and 19

Accepted Answer

The text states that traditional guidelines suggest there should be between five and nine categories when using itemized rating scales. No other range of numbers is mentioned as being traditionally recommended.

Question 5

Scale categories can be ________.
A) assigned numerical values
B) presented horizontally
C) expressed by boxes
D) expressed by discrete lines
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Scale categories can be assigned numerical values (e.g. on a Likert scale), presented horizontally (e.g. on a rating scale), expressed by boxes (e.g. on a visual analog scale), or expressed by discrete lines (e.g. on a semantic differential scale). Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves,and the resulting half scores are correlated.
A) Split-half reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Alternative-form reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Correlated half-scores

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is a commonly used form of internal consistency reliability in which the items of a scale or questionnaire are randomly divided into two halves and the scores from each half are compared. Correlating the scores from the two halves provides an estimate of the reliability of the scale.

Question 7

The extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic is called ________.
A) reliability
B) validity
C) accuracy
D) efficiency
E) substantiality

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a scale. A reliable scale produces consistent results if measurements are made repeatedly on the characteristic being measured. Validity refers to the extent to which a scale measures what it is supposed to measure. Accuracy refers to the degree of closeness of measurements to the true value. Efficiency and substantiality are not relevant terms in this context.

Question 8

Which of the following types of error describes measurement error that arises from arbitrary changes that have a different effect each time the measurement is made?
A) systematic error
B) forced error
C) coefficient error
D) random error
E) dispersion error

Accepted Answer

This type of error is known as random error, which results in inconsistent readings each time the measurement is taken. It is caused by various sources of variability, such as changes in ambient conditions, fluctuations in instrument sensitivity, or human error. As a result, random errors tend to cancel each other out when measuring a large number of samples and can be minimized through repeated measurements and statistical analyses.

Question 9

According to the text,to develop a multi-item scale,all of the following must be done EXCEPT:
A) generate a pool of scale items.
B) reduce pool of items based on judgment.
C) collect data.
D) purify the scale based on statistics.
E) add additional items after statistical analysis.

Accepted Answer

Adding additional items after statistical analysis would not be part of the process of developing a multi-item scale. Once the scale has been purified based on statistics, the final version should be established and no additional items should be added.

Question 10

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Alternative-form reliability
C) Internal consistency reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Binary reliability

Accepted Answer

The approach described is test-retest reliability, where the same scale items are administered to respondents at two different times to assess consistency and stability of the results.

Question 11

According to the text,which of the following formulas determines total measurement error?
A) systematic error - random error
B) systematic error + random error
C) systematic error x random error
D) systematic error/random error
E) square root of (systematic error/random error )

Accepted Answer

Total measurement error is the sum of systematic error and random error, therefore the formula to determine it is systematic error + random error.

Question 12

Which non-comparative scale is analyzed using profile analysis?
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential scale
C) Stapel scale
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Profile analysis can be used to analyze data from all these non-comparative scales (Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and Stapel scale) as it involves comparing the profiles of responses across different items or scales.

Question 13

An approach for assessing reliability,which requires two equivalent forms of the scale to be constructed,and then measures the same respondents at two different times using the alternate forms is called ________.
A) test-retest reliability
B) alternative-form reliability
C) internal consistency reliability
D) random reliability
E) binary reliability

Accepted Answer

Alternative-form reliability involves creating two equivalent forms of the same scale and testing the same respondents at two different times using these alternate forms to assess consistency in responses. Test-retest reliability involves testing the same respondents at two different times using the same scale. Internal consistency reliability assesses the consistency of responses within the same scale. Random reliability and binary reliability are not recognized types of reliability assessment.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a popular approach for assessing reliability?
A) test-retest reliability
B) alternative-form reliability
C) internal consistency reliability
D) random reliability
E) B and D

Accepted Answer

Random reliability is not a popular approach for assessing reliability. This is because "random" is not a specific or reliable method for measuring reliability, and it is not commonly used in research. The other options (test-retest reliability, alternative-form reliability, and internal consistency reliability) are all popular and established methods for assessing reliability in different types of research studies.

Question 15

________ affects the measurement in a constant way and represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made.
A) Systematic error
B) Random error
C) Forced error
D) Coefficient error
E) Dispersion error

Accepted Answer

Systematic error affects the measurement consistently and does not vary between trials or measurements. Other sources of error, such as random error or forced error, can vary between trials and affect the observed score in different ways each time the measurement is made. Coefficient error and dispersion error are not commonly used terms in the context of measurement error.

Question 16

A scale with an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories is called a(n)________.
A) balanced scale
B) unbalanced scale
C) forced scale
D) systematic scale
E) equal scale

Accepted Answer

A balanced scale has an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories, as stated in the question. The other choices, such as "unbalanced scale" and "forced scale," do not necessarily have an equal number of categories for favorable and unfavorable responses.

Question 17

If a neutral or indifferent scale response is possible for at least some of the respondents,________.
A) an even number of categories should be used
B) an odd number of categories should be used
C) only one category should be used
D) the number of categories used is unimportant
E) B and C

Accepted Answer

Using an odd number of categories allows for a neutral or indifferent response to be eliminated, as there is no middle or neutral option. This can lead to a more clear and informative analysis of the data. Using an even number of categories can lead to some respondents choosing the middle option simply because they do not feel strongly one way or the other, rather than because they have a truly neutral opinion. Using only one category is not recommended as it does not provide enough variation in responses.

Question 18

A(n)________ is a rating scale that requires the respondents to express an opinion since a "no opinion" option is not provided.
A) balanced rating scale
B) unbalanced rating scale
C) forced rating scale
D) systematic rating scale
E) opinion scale

Accepted Answer

A forced rating scale is designed in a way that leaves no room for the respondent to express no opinion. This type of scale forces the respondents to express an opinion, which can help to reduce missing data and provide more accurate responses.

Question 19

46. Sears is: Powerful -:-:-:-:-X-:-:-: Weak
Unreliable -:-:-:-:-:-X-:-: Reliable
The above scale is an example of a ________ scale.
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential scale
C) continuous rating scale
D) Stapel scale

Accepted Answer

The scale involves two opposite adjectives, powerful and weak, with a graphic rating scale represented by X. This is a semantic differential scale which measures the connotative meaning of concepts, objects or events by bipolar adjectives at the endpoints of a scale. The reliability aspect is also being assessed with opposing adjectives, unreliable and reliable. The other options are not applicable as they involve different scales with different characteristics.

Question 20

________ is used to assess the reliability of a summated scale and refers to the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest.
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Alternative-form reliability
C) Internal consistency reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Summated reliability

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency reliability is used to assess the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest in a summated scale. Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of scores over time, while alternative-form reliability assesses the consistency of scores between different versions of the same test. Random reliability and summated reliability are not commonly used terms in assessing the reliability of a summated scale.

Quiz 10: Measurement and Scaling: Noncomparative Scaling Techniques

A scale consisting of multiple items,in which an item is a single question or statement to be evaluated,is called a ________.

A scale for measuring attitudes that consist of a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values is called a ________.

A measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items is called ________.

According to the text,while there is no single,optimal number,traditional guidelines suggest that there should be between ________ categories when using itemized rating scales.

Scale categories can be ________.

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves,and the resulting half scores are correlated.

The extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic is called ________.

Which of the following types of error describes measurement error that arises from arbitrary changes that have a different effect each time the measurement is made?

According to the text,to develop a multi-item scale,all of the following must be done EXCEPT:

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.

According to the text,which of the following formulas determines total measurement error?

Which non-comparative scale is analyzed using profile analysis?

An approach for assessing reliability,which requires two equivalent forms of the scale to be constructed,and then measures the same respondents at two different times using the alternate forms is called ________.

Which of the following is NOT a popular approach for assessing reliability?

________ affects the measurement in a constant way and represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made.

A scale with an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories is called a(n) ________.

If a neutral or indifferent scale response is possible for at least some of the respondents,________.

A(n) ________ is a rating scale that requires the respondents to express an opinion since a "no opinion" option is not provided.

46. Sears is: Powerful -:-:-:-:-X-:-:-: Weak Unreliable -:-:-:-:-:-X-:-: Reliable The above scale is an example of a ________ scale.

________ is used to assess the reliability of a summated scale and refers to the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest.