Question 1

________ is used to assess the reliability of a summated scale and refers to the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest.
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Alternative-form reliability
C) Internal consistency reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Summated reliability

Accepted Answer

Internal consistency reliability is used to assess the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest.

Question 2

A measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items is called ________.
A) coefficient alpha
B) coefficient beta
C) coefficient gamma
D) coefficient theta
E) splitting consistency

Accepted Answer

The description provided in the question is that of coefficient alpha, so the correct answer is A. None of the other options fit the description provided.

Question 3

Scale categories can be ________.
A) assigned numerical values
B) presented horizontally
C) expressed by boxes
D) expressed by discrete lines
E) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Scale categories can be assigned numerical values, presented horizontally, expressed by boxes or discrete lines, or any combination of these methods. Therefore, option E (all of the above) is the best choice.

Question 4

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.
A) Test-retest reliability
B) Alternative-form reliability
C) Internal consistency reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Binary reliability

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability involves administering the same set of scale items to respondents at two different times to determine the consistency of their responses over time. This approach is used to assess the reliability of a measurement tool by checking if the same results are obtained each time the measure is administered.

Question 5

46. Sears is: Powerful -:-:-:-:-X-:-:-: Weak
Unreliable -:-:-:-:-:-X-:-: Reliable
The above scale is an example of a ________ scale.
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential scale
C) continuous rating scale
D) Stapel scale

Accepted Answer

The scale provided is an example of a semantic differential scale, which is used to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. The respondents are asked to choose where their positions are located on a scale between two bipolar adjectives (e.g., Powerful-Weak, Unreliable-Reliable).

Question 6

________ affects the measurement in a constant way and represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made.
A) Systematic error
B) Random error
C) Forced error
D) Coefficient error
E) Dispersion error

Accepted Answer

Systematic error affects the observed score in a constant way and is also referred to as bias. It arises from factors that consistently alter the measurement in the same way each time it is taken. This can lead to incorrect conclusions being drawn from the data, as the error is consistently present in the results. Random error, on the other hand, affects the measurement in an unpredictable way and is not consistent, making it much more difficult to account for and minimize. Forced, coefficient, and dispersion errors are not recognized terms in the context of measurement error.

Question 7

According to the text, while there is no single, optimal number, traditional guidelines suggest that there should be between ________ categories when using itemized rating scales.
A) one and four
B) five and nine
C) 10 and 14
D) 12 and 15
E) 15 and 19

Accepted Answer

According to the text, traditional guidelines suggest that there should be between five and nine categories when using itemized rating scales.

Question 8

Which non-comparative scale is analyzed using profile analysis?
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential scale
C) Stapel scale
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Profile analysis can be used to analyze data from all these non-comparative scales (Likert scale, semantic differential scale, and Stapel scale) as it involves comparing the profiles of responses across different items or scales.

Question 9

A scale consisting of multiple items, in which an item is a single question or statement to be evaluated, is called a ________.
A) forced rating scale
B) systematic scale
C) multiple measurement scale
D) multi-item scale
E) single question scale

Accepted Answer

A scale consisting of multiple items is called a multi-item scale because it contains multiple questions/statements to be evaluated. Forced rating scales typically require respondents to choose from a limited number of predetermined response options, while systematic scales refer to a structured process for evaluating performance or behavior. Multiple measurement scales are not a commonly used term in the field of research methodology. Single question scales would only contain one item rather than multiple. Therefore, the best choice is D – multi-item scale.

Question 10

An approach for assessing reliability, which requires two equivalent forms of the scale to be constructed, and then measures the same respondents at two different times using the alternate forms is called ________.
A) test-retest reliability
B) alternative-form reliability
C) internal consistency reliability
D) random reliability
E) binary reliability

Accepted Answer

This approach is called alternative-form reliability, where two equivalent forms are constructed and then used to measure the same respondents at two different times. Test-retest reliability involves using the same form of the scale to measure respondents' scores at two different times. Internal consistency reliability involves measuring the consistency of responses within the same scale. Random reliability and binary reliability are not commonly used terms in psychometrics.

Question 11

If a neutral or indifferent scale response is possible for at least some of the respondents, ________.
A) an even number of categories should be used
B) an odd number of categories should be used
C) only one category should be used
D) the number of categories used is unimportant
E) B and C

Accepted Answer

Using an odd number of categories ensures that respondents cannot choose a neutral or indifferent response in order to avoid making a decision. With an odd number of categories, the respondent must choose one side or the other. However, it is important to note that this may not be applicable to all survey questions and situations.

Question 12

The extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic is called ________.
A) reliability
B) validity
C) accuracy
D) efficiency
E) substantiality

Accepted Answer

Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements over time, so it is the most appropriate choice based on the given definition. "Validity" refers to whether a scale measures what it is intended to measure, "accuracy" refers to how close measurements are to the true value, "efficiency" refers to how quickly or easily a task can be completed, and "substantiality" is not a relevant term in this context.

Question 13

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves, and the resulting half scores are correlated.
A) Split-half reliability
B) Test-retest reliability
C) Alternative-form reliability
D) Random reliability
E) Correlated half-scores

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is a method of assessing the reliability of a measurement scale. It involves splitting the items in the scale into two halves and then correlating the scores obtained from each half. This is a way of measuring how well the items in the scale are measuring the same construct or trait.

Question 14

A(n) ________ is a rating scale that requires the respondents to express an opinion since a "no opinion" option is not provided.
A) balanced rating scale
B) unbalanced rating scale
C) forced rating scale
D) systematic rating scale
E) opinion scale

Accepted Answer

A forced rating scale requires the respondent to choose an answer, even if they do not have a strong opinion one way or the other. This is in contrast to a balanced rating scale, which has an equal number of positive and negative response options, and an unbalanced rating scale, which has more response options in one direction than the other. A systematic rating scale refers to a scale that is consistent in its format or structure. An opinion scale is a broader category that includes any scale where respondents are asked to express their opinions.

Question 15

A scale for measuring attitudes that consist of a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values is called a ________.
A) Likert scale
B) semantic differential
C) Stapel scale
D) balanced rating scale
E) mid-range scale

Accepted Answer

A scale with a single adjective in the middle and only positive or negative values on either side is called a unipolar or bipolar scale, depending on whether there is a neutral midpoint. The unipolar scale with only positive values is called a mid-range scale. The Likert scale includes multiple items with varying levels of agreement or disagreement, while the semantic differential uses pairs of opposite adjectives to measure attitudes. The balanced rating scale includes both positive and negative statements. Therefore, the best choice for a scale with a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values is the Stapel scale.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a popular approach for assessing reliability?
A) test-retest reliability
B) alternative-form reliability
C) internal consistency reliability
D) random reliability
E) B and D

Accepted Answer

Random reliability is not a popular approach for assessing reliability. The other options (test-retest reliability, alternative-form reliability, and internal consistency reliability) are commonly used methods for assessing reliability.

Question 17

Which of the following types of error describes measurement error that arises from arbitrary changes that have a different effect each time the measurement is made?
A) systematic error
B) forced error
C) coefficient error
D) random error
E) dispersion error

Accepted Answer

Random error refers to measurement error that arises from arbitrary changes that have a different effect each time the measurement is made. Systematic error occurs due to a consistent bias in the measurement process, while forced error is due to external factors beyond the control of the measurement process. Coefficient error and dispersion error are not commonly used terms in the context of measurement error.

Question 18

According to the text, which of the following formulas determines total measurement error?
A) systematic error - random error
B) systematic error + random error
C) systematic error x random error
D) systematic error/random error
E) square root of (systematic error/random error )

Accepted Answer

The formula for total measurement error is determined by adding the systematic error and random error together.

Question 19

A scale with an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories is called a(n) ________.
A) balanced scale
B) unbalanced scale
C) forced scale
D) systematic scale
E) equal scale

Accepted Answer

A balanced scale has an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories, making it unbiased and fair in its measurement of attitudes or opinions. Other options are not commonly used terms in the field of research methodology or do not accurately describe a scale with equal positive and negative categories.

Question 20

According to the text, to develop a multi-item scale, all of the following must be done EXCEPT:
A) generate a pool of scale items.
B) reduce pool of items based on judgment.
C) collect data.
D) purify the scale based on statistics.
E) add additional items after statistical analysis.

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence for developing a multi-item scale includes generating a pool of scale items, reducing the pool based on judgment, collecting data, and purifying the scale based on statistics. However, adding additional items after statistical analysis is not part of the initial development process. Any new items would need to go through the same process of generation, reduction, and purification before being added to the scale.

Quiz 10: Measurement and Scaling: Noncomparative Scaling Techniques

________ is used to assess the reliability of a summated scale and refers to the consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest.

A measure of internal consistency reliability that is the average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items is called ________.

Scale categories can be ________.

________ is an approach for assessing reliability in which respondents are administered identical sets of scale items at two different times under as nearly equivalent conditions as possible.

46. Sears is: Powerful -:-:-:-:-X-:-:-: Weak Unreliable -:-:-:-:-:-X-:-: Reliable The above scale is an example of a ________ scale.

________ affects the measurement in a constant way and represents stable factors that affect the observed score in the same way each time the measurement is made.

According to the text, while there is no single, optimal number, traditional guidelines suggest that there should be between ________ categories when using itemized rating scales.

Which non-comparative scale is analyzed using profile analysis?

A scale consisting of multiple items, in which an item is a single question or statement to be evaluated, is called a ________.

An approach for assessing reliability, which requires two equivalent forms of the scale to be constructed, and then measures the same respondents at two different times using the alternate forms is called ________.

If a neutral or indifferent scale response is possible for at least some of the respondents, ________.

The extent to which a scale produces consistent results if repeated measurements are made on the characteristic is called ________.

________ is a form of internal consistency reliability in which the items constituting the scale are divided into two halves, and the resulting half scores are correlated.

A(n) ________ is a rating scale that requires the respondents to express an opinion since a "no opinion" option is not provided.

A scale for measuring attitudes that consist of a single adjective in the middle of an even-numbered range of values is called a ________.

Which of the following is NOT a popular approach for assessing reliability?

Which of the following types of error describes measurement error that arises from arbitrary changes that have a different effect each time the measurement is made?

According to the text, which of the following formulas determines total measurement error?

A scale with an equal number of favorable and unfavorable categories is called a(n) ________.

According to the text, to develop a multi-item scale, all of the following must be done EXCEPT: