Question 1

Unlike a kinesis,a taxis is
A)an example of a tropism
B)a movement or change in orientation of the entire organism
C)a learned behavior
D)a directed movement

Accepted Answer

A taxis is a directed movement towards or away from a stimulus, unlike kinesis which is random movement.

Question 2

The habituation of a response to a very strong stimulus
A)will proceed rapidly
B)will proceed slowly
C)will not exhibit generalization
D)will not exhibit overlearning effects

Accepted Answer

Habituation to a very strong stimulus typically proceeds slowly because the organism takes longer to become accustomed to, or to ignore, the intensity of the stimulus.

Question 3

When you quickly pull your hand away from a painful stimulus,this reflex
A)does not involve a feedback loop
B)is controlled by the brain's cerebral cortex
C)involves sensory neurons,interneurons,and motor neurons
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

The reflex of quickly pulling your hand away from a painful stimulus does involve a feedback loop. It involves sensory neurons that detect the painful stimulus, interneurons in the spinal cord that process the information, and motor neurons that initiate the movement of the hand away from the stimulus. While the brain's cerebral cortex can modulate this reflex, it is not the primary controller. Therefore, choice C is the most accurate answer.

Question 4

In humans,contagious yawning is an example of a
A)kinesis
B)taxis
C)fixed action pattern
D)reaction chain

Accepted Answer

Contagious yawning is a known social behavior among humans where an individual yawns in response to seeing another person yawn. This response is an example of a fixed action pattern because it is an automatic, innate, and stereotypical behavior triggered by a specific stimulus.

Question 5

A reaction chain differs from a fixed action pattern in that it
A)is innate
B)is a sequence of behaviors
C)is more adaptive to the current environmental conditions
D)may be found in only one species

Accepted Answer

A reaction chain is more adaptive to the current environmental conditions compared to a fixed action pattern, which is a sequence of innate behaviors that occur in a predictable way. Reaction chains can be altered or stopped based on changes in the environment, making them more flexible.

Question 6

To support the theory that language is an innate human ability,researchers have shown that
A)a specific part of the human brain is essential for speech
B)a specific part of the human brain is essential for language comprehension
C)human languages throughout the world have certain features in common
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above options support the theory that language is an innate human ability. The human brain has specific areas dedicated to speech production and language comprehension, which suggests that language is hard-wired in our brains. Further, research has shown that all human languages share certain features, such as the use of grammar and syntax, which further supports the theory that language is innate. Thus, all three options - A, B, and C - are correct.

Question 7

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the goal of finding an area with high humidity can be called
A)the actual input
B)the reference input
C)a disturbance
D)the output

Accepted Answer

The goal of finding an area with high humidity can be called the reference input, as it is the desired value that the wood louse is seeking to achieve. The actual input would be the humidity of the wood louse's current environment, a disturbance would be any factor that can affect the humidity-seeking behavior (such as temperature or light intensity), and the output would be the wood louse's movement towards the area with high humidity.

Question 8

A loud noise is repeatedly presented to a rat,and after 20 trials the rat's startle reaction has completely disappeared (habituated).If a slightly different noise is now presented,it is most likely that
A)there will be no startle reaction at all
B)there will be no habituation to this new stimulus
C)habituation of the startle reaction will take more than 20 trials
D)habituation of the startle reaction will take less than 20 trials

Accepted Answer

The answer of A loud noise is repeatedly presented to...

Question 9

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response
A)is caused by a decrease in the sensitivity of the motor neurons to transmitter released by the sensory neurons
B)is caused by a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
C)is caused by an increase in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons
D)is caused by an increase in the activity of interneurons

Accepted Answer

Kandel's research has shown that habituation of the gill-withdrawal response in Aplysia is caused by a decrease in the amount of transmitter released by the sensory neurons. Specifically, the sensory neuron releases less neurotransmitter in response to repeated stimulation, leading to a decreased response in the motor neuron and resulting in habituation.

Question 10

In the terminology of control systems theory,the setting on a house's thermostat can be called
A)the comparator
B)the reference input
C)the actual input
D)the action system

Accepted Answer

In control systems theory, the reference input is the desired or set value for the system to achieve. In the case of a house's thermostat, the setting is the desired temperature, making it the reference input. The comparator compares this reference value to the actual value and sends a signal to the action system to make adjustments. The actual input would refer to the current temperature, and the action system would be the heating or cooling system.

Question 11

In control systems theory,the action system is activated
A)when the actual input does not match the reference input
B)when the comparator is turned off
C)when there is no disturbance
D)when there is no output

Accepted Answer

The action system is responsible for correcting the error between the actual input and the reference input in a control system. Therefore, it is activated when there is a mismatch between these two inputs, which is described in choice A.

Question 12

To qualify as a "human universal," a behavior must
A)be innate
B)be found in human cultures throughout the world
C)look exactly the same in human cultures throughout the world
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

To qualify as a "human universal," a behavior must be found in human cultures throughout the world. It does not necessarily have to be innate or look exactly the same in all cultures.

Question 13

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response
A)always occurs in a single trial
B)dissipates with time
C)is completely different from habituation in higher organisms
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Kandel's research has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response in Aplysia dissipates with time. This means that the response gradually decreases in strength when the same stimulus is repeated over time.

Question 14

A reaction chain
A)consists of an alternating sequence of stimuli and responses
B)is innate
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

A reaction chain consists of an alternating sequence of stimuli and responses and is considered to be innate, meaning it is genetically programmed and not learned.

Question 15

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the humidity level in the creature's current location can be called
A)the actual input
B)the reference input
C)a disturbance
D)the output

Accepted Answer

In control systems theory, the input is the signal or stimulus provided to the system, and in this case, the humidity level in the wood louse's current location serves as the actual input. The wood louse then processes this input and generates an output to adjust its behavior accordingly. The reference input, on the other hand, is the desired or target value for the input, which does not apply in this context. A disturbance is any unwanted signal added to the system that can disrupt its performance, which also does not apply in this case. Therefore, option A is the best choice as the humidity level in the wood louse's current location is the actual input.

Question 16

Habituation
A)can be observed in some one-celled organisms
B)can occur in the orienting response
C)can exhibit stimulus generalization
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Habituation can occur in one-celled organisms, such as paramecia. It is also a form of learning that can occur in response to repeated exposure to a stimulus, which is known as the orienting response. Additionally, habituation can exhibit stimulus generalization, which occurs when the response to a stimuli is similar even though the stimuli differ slightly.

Question 17

A male stickleback will be aggressive toward other male sticklebacks that invade its territory.Of the following,which will tend to elicit the strongest aggressive response-
A)a female stickleback
B)an object that has the rough shape of a stickleback
C)an object that has a red patch on the bottom
D)a fish of another species

Accepted Answer

Male sticklebacks are highly territorial and respond aggressively to the red belly coloration of other males during the breeding season. The red patch is a key trigger for this aggression, more so than shape or species differences.

Question 18

Ekman's research on facial expression of emotions has found that
A)animals and people express emotions in similar ways
B)children learn to recognize the emotional expressions of adults in their first year of life
C)adults can recognize emotions such as happiness or surprise in the face of a person from a different culture
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Ekman's research demonstrated that certain facial expressions of emotions, like happiness and surprise, are universally recognized across different cultures.

Question 19

A fixed-action pattern
A)will stop immediately if the behavior is not appropriate for the situation
B)is a sequence of behaviors that occur in a rigid order
C)both a and b
D)neither a and b

Accepted Answer

A fixed-action pattern is a sequence of behaviors that occur in a rigid order, regardless of the appropriateness of the situation. It is not dependent on external feedback or stimuli, and will continue until completion once initiated. Therefore, choice A is incorrect.

Question 20

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the physiological network underlying the gill-withdrawal reflex
A)involves single synapses between sensory neurons and motor neurons
B)involves two synapses: between sensory neurons and interneurons,and between interneurons and motor neurons
C)both a and b
D)neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the physiological network underlying the gill-withdrawal reflex involves two synapses: between sensory neurons and interneurons, and between interneurons and motor neurons. Therefore, option B- "involves two synapses: between sensory neurons and interneurons, and between interneurons and motor neurons" is the correct choice.

Quiz 2: Innate Behavior Patterns and Habituation

Unlike a kinesis,a taxis is

The habituation of a response to a very strong stimulus

When you quickly pull your hand away from a painful stimulus,this reflex

In humans,contagious yawning is an example of a

A reaction chain differs from a fixed action pattern in that it

To support the theory that language is an innate human ability,researchers have shown that

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the goal of finding an area with high humidity can be called

A loud noise is repeatedly presented to a rat,and after 20 trials the rat's startle reaction has completely disappeared (habituated) .If a slightly different noise is now presented,it is most likely that

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response

In the terminology of control systems theory,the setting on a house's thermostat can be called

In control systems theory,the action system is activated

To qualify as a "human universal," a behavior must

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the habituation of the gill-withdrawal response

A reaction chain

In applying the terminology of control systems theory to the humidity-seeking behavior of the wood louse,the humidity level in the creature's current location can be called

Habituation

A male stickleback will be aggressive toward other male sticklebacks that invade its territory.Of the following,which will tend to elicit the strongest aggressive response-

Ekman's research on facial expression of emotions has found that

A fixed-action pattern

Kandel's research on Aplysia has shown that the physiological network underlying the gill-withdrawal reflex