Question 1

Your summer vacation was perhaps not an overwhelmingly positive event,but during the final week of August,you remember it as being a fantastic time.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Rosy retrospection refers to the tendency of people to remember past events more positively than they may have actually experienced them. In this scenario, the person may have had a less-than-great summer vacation overall, but as time passes, they remember the final week as being fantastic. This is an example of rosy retrospection.

Question 2

Sometimes the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.Social psychologists refer to this as

Accepted Answer

Belief perseverance refers to the tendency for people to continue to believe something even after the evidence used to initially support the belief has been discredited. This can occur because people may hold on to their beliefs due to cognitive or motivational factors.

Question 3

Despite reading numerous research studies that report the association of fast food consumption with heart disease and diabetes,Rachel continues to eat fast food and thinks that it is harmless.Rachel's thinking is an example of

Accepted Answer

Rachel's thinking is an example of belief perseverance, which is the tendency to maintain one's beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence. She is ignoring the research studies that indicate the harmful effects of fast food, and instead holding on to her belief that it is harmless.

Question 4

Your immediate recognition of your friend's face or her voice on the phone is an example of

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing is the ability to recognize stimuli quickly and effortlessly, and the recognition of a familiar face or voice is an example of this. Controlled processing, on the other hand, involves a higher level of cognitive effort and attention. Illusory correlation refers to the perception of a relationship between two variables that does not actually exist, and attribution error is a cognitive bias where people tend to overemphasize dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining behavior.

Question 5

You have strong feelings about abortion.Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

Strong feelings about a topic, such as abortion, can influence how a person interprets and processes new information. This phenomenon is known as confirmation bias, where individuals seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs and ignore or downplay information that contradicts their beliefs. Therefore, it is likely that the individual's beliefs will influence how they see new information about abortion. However, it is also possible that new information can change a person's beliefs over time, but it may require a significant shift in their worldview or a substantial amount of evidence.

Question 6

While waiting to cross the street,you witness a man running a red light-causing a three-car accident.Just after it happens,the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you.He tells you that the light was yellow.Later you tell police that you remembered the light being yellow,not red,when the man went through the intersection.This scenario illustrates

Accepted Answer

The scenario illustrates the misinformation effect because the man who ran the stoplight provided false information about the color of the light, which influenced the witness's memory and led to an inaccurate report to the police.

Question 7

Activating particular associations in memory is called

Accepted Answer

Activating particular associations in memory is called priming. Priming makes those associations more accessible or likely to be retrieved when needed or when a related stimulus is encountered.

Question 8

"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate,reflective,and conscious is called

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing is a type of thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious, which involves the active use of mental processes and resources to focus one's attention and adapt to new situations. This is in contrast to automatic processing, which is more reflexive and effortless. External processing and intentional processing are not commonly used terms in psychology.

Question 9

Jumping out of your seat as a result of an unexpected scene in a movie is what type of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Jumping out of your seat due to an unexpected scene in a movie is an automatic response, which is not a result of controlled or intentional processing. It is a reflexive response to the stimulation provided by the movie scene. Therefore, option B, automatic processing, is the best choice.

Question 10

According to your text,people everywhere perceive mediators and the media as

Accepted Answer

People generally perceive mediators and the media as biased against their position, often feeling that coverage or decisions do not align with their own views or interests.

Question 11

Your friends have strong feelings about abortion.Which statement is true?

Accepted Answer

When someone has strong beliefs about a controversial topic like abortion, it is likely that their beliefs will influence how they interpret and process new information. This is known as confirmation bias, where people are more likely to accept information that supports their existing beliefs and reject information that contradicts them. Therefore, it is likely that your friends' beliefs about abortion will influence how they see new information on the topic.

Question 12

Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g. ,why a cautious person might be a better firefighter than a risk-taking person)_______ belief perseverance.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true can reduce belief perseverance. By considering alternative perspectives, individuals may be less likely to cling to their initial beliefs and be more open to revising their opinions.

Question 13

Researchers provided study participants with evidence that either risk-prone or cautious people make better firefighters.When participants wrote an explanation for the findings,they were particularly susceptible to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers provided study participants with evidence that...

Question 14

To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow,you need to activate one of the strands that leads to this memory,such as thinking about what types of food she does and does not like.This process is known as

Accepted Answer

The process of activating related information in order to retrieve a specific memory is called priming. In this case, thinking about the types of food your date likes and dislikes would activate related information and make it easier to retrieve the memory of where she wants to go for dinner. Belief perseverance refers to the tendency to hold onto beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence, reconstruction refers to the process of piecing together a memory based on partial information, and induction refers to the process of reasoning from specific observations to general principles. None of these processes accurately describe the act of retrieving a specific memory.

Question 15

Incorporating inaccurate information into one's memory of an event,after witnessing the event and receiving misleading information about it is called

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in which inaccurate information is incorporated into one's memory after receiving misleading information is known as the misinformation effect. This effect has been observed in many studies and has important implications for eyewitness testimony and the reliability of memory recall. Thus, the best choice is option D.

Question 16

You have a tendency to assume someone is still a good friend even after a person acts otherwise.This tendency is known as the

Accepted Answer

The answer of You have a tendency to assume someone...

Question 17

When trying to recall the definition of the fundamental attribution error during an exam,you think back to what the professor was wearing when he was talking about the fundamental attribution error in class.What type of thinking is this?

Accepted Answer

Controlled processing involves conscious, intentional, and effortful thinking, such as trying to recall specific details from a lecture.

Question 18

Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula.When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier,most of the students

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as "false memory" where individuals remember events or experiences that did not actually happen. The students likely reconstructed their memories to align with their current beliefs, leading them to believe they had always held the current attitude.

Question 19

"Implicit" thinking that is effortless,habitual,and without awareness is called

Accepted Answer

Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness is called automatic processing. This is in contrast to controlled processing, which requires effort and conscious awareness. Internal processing and intentional processing do not specifically refer to implicit or automatic thinking.

Question 20

Your best friend is a master chess player and has won numerous awards.When you play chess with her,you notice that she seems to be aware of strategies almost immediately after your move.Her awareness of these strategies reflects what type of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Automatic processing is characterized by quick and effortless processing of information due to extensive practice and experience. Since the best friend is a master chess player, her awareness of strategies immediately after a move reflects automatic processing.

Quiz 3: Social Beliefs and Judgments