Question 1

Chris is having trouble learning the new arrangement of the song.She often finds herself shifting to the old arrangement in the middle.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the ability to learn and remember new information. Chris is experiencing proactive interference because the old arrangement is interfering with her ability to learn the new arrangement.

Question 2

Which of the following is TRUE concerning repression?

Accepted Answer

Negative events may be forgotten because they are less likely to be rehearsed. This is because, as per the interference theory, new information or events learned after a traumatic event may interfere with the recall of the old or traumatic event. Additionally, negative events may be associated with negative emotions, and individuals might prefer to avoid these emotions by not rehearsing these memories, which can lead to forgetting over time. The other options are incorrect as A is the opposite of repression, B is not well-established, and C is incorrect as repression is commonly reported in clinical settings.

Question 3

According to psychologists, retrograde amnesia is a physically based amnesia in which:

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is a memory loss for events that happened prior to the time of the injury. Option A is describing anterograde amnesia where there is memory loss for events that happened after the time of the injury. Option C is describing repression, a defense mechanism where threatening thoughts and memories are unconsciously pushed from conscious awareness, while option D is describing retrieval failure where people fail to access the appropriate retrieval cues.

Question 4

According to Sigmund Freud, the defense mechanism that is used when threatening thoughts and memories are pushed out of conscious awareness is:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, repression is a defense mechanism that pushes threatening thoughts and memories out of conscious awareness and into the unconscious mind. Retroactive interference refers to difficulty in learning new information due to interference from previously learned information, retrograde amnesia is a loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia, and Korsakoff's Syndrome is a neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency that results in memory impairment and other cognitive deficits.

Question 5

Carter is currently 28 years old.He was bitten quite badly by a dog when he was 8 years old.Today, even though his parents still sometimes mention this incident, Carter has no memory of ever being bitten.According to Freud, Carter may be:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychoanalysis, repression is a defense mechanism that the ego uses to push traumatic or unpleasant experiences into the unconscious mind in order to prevent anxiety or discomfort. As Carter has no memory of being bitten, it can be inferred that his mind might have repressed this incident as it was an unpleasant and traumatic experience. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

Question 6

Janai is currently 40 years old.When she was 7 years old, she saw her grandfather fall down the stairs after he had a stroke.At the time, she visited him in the hospital every day for the 6 months it took him to recover.Today, Janai has no memory of her grandfather, his stroke, or her visits to him in the hospital.According to Freud, Janai may be:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, Janai's inability to remember the traumatic events related to her grandfather's stroke and her visits to the hospital could be explained by repression. Repression is a defense mechanism where unpleasant memories, thoughts, or feelings are pushed out of conscious awareness.

Question 7

Justin was recently traded to a new football team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new plays because he keeps using the plays from his former team.Based on what is known about memory failures, you should conclude that Justin's problem results from:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with learning new information. In this case, Justin's old plays from his former team are interfering with his ability to learn the new plays from his new team. Retroactive interference, on the other hand, occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information. Transfer-appropriate processing and chunking are not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 8

Physically based amnesia that involves memory loss for events that happened prior to the time of the injury is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events that occurred before the injury or onset of amnesia. It is usually caused by physical trauma to the brain, and the memories lost may include personal information, significant life events, and other memories that were formed prior to the injury. Anterograde amnesia, in contrast, involves the inability to form new memories after the trauma or injury. Proactive amnesia and cryptomnesia are not recognized terms in the field of psychology.

Question 9

When previously established memories interfere with the formation of new memories, the process involved is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference refers to the phenomenon where previously learned information hinders the acquisition and retrieval of new memories. This occurs when older memories interfere with new information, making it harder to remember the new information. Retroactive interference, on the other hand, is the process by which new memories interfere with the retrieval of old ones. Repression refers to the defense mechanism where one unconsciously blocks out traumatic experiences, while retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past memories.

Question 10

Riley was assigned code number 249031 by his bank when he first opened his account.Later, his bank changed its coding system, and Riley was assigned the new code number 586729.If Riley experienced proactive interference when he was asked for his bank code number, you would predict that he would recall:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when older memories interfere with the recall of newer memories. Therefore, Riley would recall his old code number, 249031, instead of his new one.

Question 11

According to psychologists, anterograde amnesia is a physically based amnesia in which:

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia is characterized by the inability to form new memories after a traumatic event or injury. Therefore, there is a memory loss for events that happened after the time of the injury.

Question 12

According to psychologists, proactive interference occurs when:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously established memories interfere with the formation of new memories. Option A describes retroactive interference, option B pertains to amnesia caused by head injury, and option D describes post-traumatic amnesia.

Question 13

When Meredith was a child, she saw her uncle murdered during an armed robbery.When she was in college, a family friend asked her what the event was like.Meredith was confused by the question, because she had no memory of that ever happening.Meredith was likely to have experienced:

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism through which individuals unconsciously block out painful or traumatic memories. In Meredith's case, witnessing her uncle's murder was likely an extremely traumatic event, and repression may have allowed her to avoid consciously recalling the event. This is supported by the fact that she has no memory of it, even when prompted by a family friend. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after a brain injury, which is not applicable in this scenario. Proactive interference refers to the interference of previously learned information on the recall of new information, which is also not relevant in this case. Korsakoff's Syndrome is a neurological disorder linked to alcohol abuse, which results in severe memory problems, but it does not apply here.

Question 14

Lorelei was whitewater rafting when she fell out of the raft and hit her head.When the tour operators ask her what she was doing just before she fell from the raft, she draws a complete blank.Based on what is known about memory loss, you should conclude that Lorelei's memory difficulties most clearly illustrate:

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to retrieve memories that occurred before a specific point in time, typically due to brain injury or trauma. Lorelei's inability to recall what happened before falling out of the raft suggests retrograde amnesia.

Question 15

According to Sigmund Freud, repression is a defense mechanism that:

Accepted Answer

Repression involves pushing threatening thoughts and memories from conscious awareness, making them unavailable to the conscious mind. This defense mechanism is used as a way to protect oneself from anxiety or emotional pain.

Question 16

The notion that certain life events may be poorly recalled because of repression was first proposed by

Accepted Answer

The notion of repression was first proposed by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst, who believed that certain memories may be consciously or unconsciously repressed due to their painful or traumatic nature. This idea has been a subject of debate and criticism in the field of psychology, but it remains influential in popular culture and psychoanalytic theory.

Question 17

Following a rape, the victim had no memory of the rape but became very anxious if approached by a man.According to Freud's concept of defense mechanisms and memory, this would be a case of:

Accepted Answer

Repression is a defense mechanism where the mind pushes traumatic memories or thoughts into the unconscious in order to protect the individual from intense emotional pain. In this case, the victim's lack of memory of the rape suggests that it has been repressed. The anxiety she experiences when approached by men could also be a result of unconscious associations between men and the traumatic experience, which are being brought to the surface.

Question 18

Juro was in a car accident and injured his head.When the police question him about the events just prior to the accident, he draws a complete blank.Based on what is known about memory loss, you should conclude that Juro's memory difficulties most clearly illustrate:

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories that were formed before the onset of amnesia. In this scenario, Juro draws a complete blank when asked about the events just prior to the car accident, indicating that he has lost memories of events that occurred before the accident, which is a clear example of retrograde amnesia.

Question 19

Typically, the memory loss associated with retrograde amnesia:

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia typically involves a loss of memories from the past, but these memories are not permanently lost. Instead, recovery of the memories may occur slowly over time, with some memories being recovered more quickly than others. The extent to which memories are recovered may depend on a number of factors, including the severity of the underlying cause of the amnesia and the individual's ability to engage in memory retrieval strategies. While some individuals may experience permanent memory loss as a result of retrograde amnesia, this is not always the case.

Question 20

Sarah taught herself to play a song on the piano but later discovered that she had the timing somewhat wrong.She is having difficulty remembering the correct timing because she keeps playing it the way she taught herself to play it.Based on what is known about memory failures, you should conclude that Sarah's problem results from:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information. In this case, Sarah's incorrect timing is interfering with her ability to remember the correct timing. Retroactive interference and chunking are not relevant to this scenario, and transfer-appropriate processing is not a known cause of memory failures.

Quiz 8: Memory