Question 1

Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:

Accepted Answer

The reduction in tooth size and jaw size is believed to have occurred during the transition from hunting and gathering to farming, which occurred around 10,000 years ago. The change in diet and food preparation methods may have contributed to the reduction in the need for large, powerful jaws and teeth for grinding tough foods.

Question 2

What do comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers to later agriculturalists to modern peoples show?

Accepted Answer

The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies and eventually to modern societies has been associated with a decline in bone size. This change is attributed to differences in physical activity levels, dietary changes, and overall lifestyle shifts across these periods.

Question 3

What two phenomena accompanied the frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 4

Based on the archaeological record from various areas,what was the initial effect of agriculture on height?

Accepted Answer

The initial effect of agriculture on height was a decrease. This is attributed to changes in diet and living conditions that came with the agricultural lifestyle, including reliance on a more limited range of foods and increased population density, which could lead to the spread of diseases.

Question 5

In the American Midwest,about when were native seed crops goosefoot,sumpweed,and sunflowers farmed?

Accepted Answer

The native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed in the American Midwest from approximately 6,000-1,000 years before the present (yBP).

Question 6

Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering.What did this mean?

Accepted Answer

Domestication allowed for more efficient food production, meaning that more people could be fed from the same amount of land. This led to population growth and the development of settled societies.

Question 7

Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene,especially:

Accepted Answer

The key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene are wheat, barley, corn, and rice. These grains make up two-thirds of calorie intake worldwide. The other options do not include all four of these grains.

Question 8

What happened as towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources?

Accepted Answer

As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources, organized warfare often developed as a way to acquire resources.

Question 9

The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:

Accepted Answer

The most widely accepted date for the beginning of farming in southeastern Turkey is 10,500 yBP based on archaeological evidence from the site of Göbekli Tepe. This discovery pushed the estimated beginning of agriculture back by several thousand years and has implications for our understanding of the evolution of human society.

Question 10

What did the Neolithic demographic transition cause?

Accepted Answer

The Neolithic demographic transition led to a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate due to the adoption of agriculture, which supported larger populations.

Question 11

Dogs were the first animals to be domesticated.By when were they domesticated?

Accepted Answer

Dogs were domesticated before 15,000 years ago, which is the most commonly accepted timeline based on genetic and archaeological evidence. This occurred during the transition from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic period, when humans shifted from being predominantly hunter-gatherers to more settled lifestyles based on agriculture and animal husbandry.

Question 12

With the rise of agriculture,what is the pattern of food acquisition and use?

Accepted Answer

With the rise of agriculture, plant foods continued to be used at a similar rate as agriculture was slowly adapted worldwide. Although domesticated animal foods became more important over time, plant foods remained crucial for human survival and were still the primary source of food for most populations.

Question 13

What does the masticatory-functional hypothesis state?

Accepted Answer

The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that changes in skull form reflect a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles due to changes in diet and technology. This has resulted in a reduction in the size of the face and jaws over time.

Question 14

The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:

Accepted Answer

The adoption of agriculture led to the development of infectious diseases due to the increased population density and the close proximity of humans to domesticated animals, which provided a suitable environment for new diseases to emerge and spread. This phenomenon is known as the "disease triangle," which suggests that the emergence of infectious diseases depends on three factors: the host, the pathogen, and the environment. Agriculture created the perfect environment for the emergence of new diseases, which contributed to the high mortality rates in early agricultural societies.

Question 15

What are cavities in the teeth also called?

Accepted Answer

Cavities in the teeth are most commonly known as dental caries, which are caused by bacteria that produce acids that erode the tooth enamel and create holes or cavities. Although hypoplasias, enamel defects, and dentin foramina are also conditions that can affect the teeth, they are not typically synonymous with cavities.

Question 16

To what might some cases of anemia,which causes red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss,lead?

Accepted Answer

Some cases of anemia can lead to cribra orbitalia, which is characterized by porosity in the eye orbits due to increased red blood cell production in response to iron deficiency or blood loss.

Question 17

What was probably the cause of the human population increase of the Holocene?

Accepted Answer

The human population increase during the Holocene is often attributed to decreased birth spacing, which was facilitated by the advent of agriculture and sedentary lifestyles, allowing for more frequent pregnancies.

Question 18

What did New World domesticated products include?

Accepted Answer

Cotton is among the significant products domesticated in the New World, unlike wheat, rice, and pigs, which were domesticated in the Old World.

Question 19

What can anemia lead to?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What can anemia lead to?
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Question 20

What is the most recent of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution?

Accepted Answer

The shift from foraging to farming, known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the most recent major adaptive transition in hominin evolution. This transition, occurring roughly 10,000 years ago, fundamentally changed human societies, diets, and population densities, leading to the development of settled communities and eventually the rise of civilizations.

Quiz 13: The Past 10, 000 Years: Agriculture, population, biology