Question 1

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's brain chemistry, brain damage, and complications attributed to low birth weight draw from which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

The links between antisocial behavior and brain chemistry, brain damage, and low birth weight are typically studied from a neurological perspective, which focuses on dysfunction in the brain and how it can affect behavior. Hormonal imbalances may also be considered, but they are often studied as part of the larger neurochemical picture. Deterrence theory and behaviorism focus more on environmental factors and external stimuli, rather than on underlying neurological processes.

Question 2

Which of the following theories best reflects the branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood?

Accepted Answer

The branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood is the psychodynamic theory, which was developed by Sigmund Freud. This theory emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the role of the unconscious mind in shaping personality. The other options (behavioral theory, cognitive theory, and general deterrence theory) do not focus on the role of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind in shaping personality.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about specific deterrence is false?

Accepted Answer

The statement that "there is plenty of evidence that punitive measures alone deter future delinquency" is false. Research has shown that punishment alone is not an effective deterrent to future delinquent behavior. Other factors, such as positive reinforcement of prosocial behavior, are needed to create lasting change.

Question 4

A guiding principle of ____________________ is that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment.

Accepted Answer

General deterrence holds that the fear of punishment will prevent individuals from committing delinquent acts in the first place. It aims to deter potential offenders from committing crimes by making examples of those who do. Specific deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on deterring the individual offender from committing future delinquent acts. Restorative justice emphasizes repairing harm caused by crime through restorative processes rather than punishing the offender. Retribution is the idea that the offender deserves punishment for their actions.

Question 5

The _______________________ argues that the link between learning disabilities and delinquency is caused by the side effects of learning disabilities such as impulsiveness and the inability to learn from social cues.

Accepted Answer

The susceptibility rationale argues that the link between learning disabilities and delinquency is due to the fact that children with learning disabilities are more susceptible to the negative influences in their environment due to their impulsivity and inability to learn from social cues.

Question 6

Research which links antisocial behavior to a person's diet draws from which theoretical perspective?

Accepted Answer

Biosocial theories suggest that behavior is influenced by both biological and environmental factors, including diet. Research on the link between diet and antisocial behavior falls under this theoretical perspective. Choice theory focuses on the individual's rational decision making, behavioralism focuses on environmental influences, and personality trait theory focuses on identifying individual traits that may lead to certain behaviors.

Question 7

_______________________ theory views crime as a "normal" function modern living.

Accepted Answer

Routine activities theory views crime as a normal function of modern living, suggesting that it is a result of a combination of three factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians or protection, and the presence of motivated offenders. It suggests that crime rates will be higher in situations where these factors converge.

Question 8

According to the concept of ________________, if offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts.

Accepted Answer

Specific deterrence is the concept that focuses on deterring the specific individual from committing future crimes by imposing a punishment severe enough to discourage them from repeating their illegal acts.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a symptom of ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Sustaining interest in play activities is actually a symptom of ADHD, as individuals with ADHD often display hyperactive and impulsive behaviors, such as being fidgety, running around excessively, and having difficulty with quiet activities. The other symptoms listed (failing to finish projects, difficulty with organization, and difficulty regulating emotions) are all common symptoms of ADHD.

Question 10

A geographic location that is known to be the scene of repeated delinquent activity is called a:

Accepted Answer

A "hot spot" is the term used to describe a geographic location known for repeated delinquent activity or high crime rates. This term is commonly used in criminology and law enforcement to identify areas that require additional attention or resources.

Question 11

The __________________ develops through interactions with parents and others and represents the conscience and the moral rules that are shared by most adults.

Accepted Answer

The Superego develops through social interactions and represents the internalized moral rules of society that are shared by most adults. It is responsible for maintaining moral standards and ideals, and can sometimes conflict with the Id (our primitive desires) and the Ego (our practical, reality-based self).

Question 12

It has been suggested that children who manifest behavioral disturbances may have neurological deficits, such as damage to the hemispheres of the brain; this is sometimes referred to as:

Accepted Answer

The term "minimal brain dysfunction" (MBD) is often used to describe neurological deficits in children that may result in behavioral disturbances. However, this term has fallen out of favor in recent years, and is often replaced by more specific diagnoses such as ADHD or learning disorders. The other options (bipolar disorder, cognitive dissonance, and autism) are not directly related to neurological deficits resulting in behavioral disturbances.

Question 13

Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include each of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contemporary biochemical factors related to delinquency include...

Question 14

The _______________________ assumes that LD leads to poor school behavior which leads to frustration, negative self image, and acting out.

Accepted Answer

The school failure rationale suggests that students with LD may experience difficulties in school, leading to frustration, negative self-image, and acting out behaviors. This rationale assumes that poor academic performance contributes to negative behaviors and emotions, rather than the reverse.

Question 15

According to __________________ theory, delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics.

Accepted Answer

The theory that delinquency is a function of personal predispositions such as temperament, personality, hormones, or genetics is known as the trait theory. This theory emphasizes that some individuals have certain inherent characteristics or traits that make them more likely to engage in delinquent behavior regardless of their environment. Alternatively, social learning theory emphasizes that delinquency is a product of an individual's environment and the people around them. The choice theory suggests that individuals choose to engage in delinquent behavior based on a cost-benefit analysis of the potential risks and rewards. Finally, social structure theory emphasizes the role of larger societal factors such as poverty and inequality in the production of delinquency.

Question 16

______________________ philosophers Beccaria and Bentham are identified as the core theorists of classical criminology.

Accepted Answer

Beccaria and Bentham are both identified as core theorists of classical criminology, a school of thought that emphasizes rationality, deterrence, and the use of punishment to reduce crime. This approach is rooted in utilitarianism, which holds that the best course of action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure while minimizing pain or suffering.

Question 17

Which of the following criminologists is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism?

Accepted Answer

Cesare Lombroso is credited with the development of the theory of criminal atavism, which proposes that some individuals are born with a predisposition to criminal behavior due to their biological makeup, including physical and mental traits.

Question 18

The volume and distribution of predatory crimes in a particular area and at a particular time is influenced by the interaction of three variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables?

Accepted Answer

The three variables that influence the volume and distribution of predatory crimes are referred to as the "crime triangle" and include the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders. The absence of law enforcement is not one of these variables, although it may impact the effectiveness of guardianship and deterrence.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about situational crime prevention efforts is true?

Accepted Answer

Situational crime prevention efforts are designed to reduce or redirect crime by making it more difficult to profit from illegal acts. This can include strategies such as increased security measures, target hardening, and limiting access to potential crime targets. Punishment is not the primary focus of situational crime prevention. Option B is incorrect as it implies that punishment is the main strategy used in situational crime prevention, and option C is incorrect as it refers to a different approach to crime prevention called deterrence theory. Option D is incorrect as it refers to a discredited theory called biological determinism, which has no basis in modern criminology.

Question 20

According to choice theorists, offenders:

Accepted Answer

Choice theorists argue that offenders are rational actors who make a conscious choice to commit crime because they believe it will benefit them in some way. This choice may be influenced by various factors such as social and economic conditions, upbringing, and individual beliefs and values, but ultimately the decision to engage in criminal behavior is seen as a calculated choice based on perceived benefits and costs.

Quiz 3: Individual Views of Delinquency: Choice and Trait