Question 1

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which associations are statistically significant? What does it mean that an association is statistically significant?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

Which of the following could you conclude by looking at the figure?
A) There is a causal relationship between optimism and life satisfaction.
B) As optimism increases, life satisfaction also increases.
C) The relationship between optimism and life satisfaction is negative.
D) More people reported being optimistic than being satisfied with life.

Accepted Answer

The scatterplot shows a positive linear relationship between optimism and life satisfaction, where as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. Therefore, we can conclude that as optimism increases, life satisfaction also increases. However, we cannot infer a causal relationship between the two variables from this observation. Option A is incorrect because we cannot infer causation from this figure. Option C is also incorrect as the relationship is positive, not negative. Option D is not supported by the data given in the figure.

Question 3

Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect?
A) There aren't 44 dots in the figure.
B) Correlation coefficients cannot be smaller than 1.
C) The figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction.
D) There wouldn't be a way to know this.

Accepted Answer

The given figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction, but a correlation coefficient of -.44 indicates a negative relationship. Therefore, the calculated number is incorrect.

Question 4

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Explain the three associations from Dr. Moynihan's study in terms of direction of each association (a), statistical significance (b), and effect size (c), using Cohen's benchmarks.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
How strong is the external validity of Dr. Moynihan's study? How does the fact that she finds no differences in the associations in men and women also speak to the study's external validity?

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Examining Dr. Moynihan's study and using the three criteria of causation, why can she not say that the number of panic attacks in the past month causes one to have fewer nightmares in the same month?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

The figure above is an example of a _________.
A) bar graph
B) line graph
C) data plot
D) scatterplot

Accepted Answer

The figure shows a scatterplot, which is a type of graph that displays the relationship between two variables. Each point on the plot represents a data point with values for both variables.

Question 8

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .
A)covariance; established
B)construct validity; interrogated
C)hypotheses; tested
D)causal inferences; made

Accepted Answer

Failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that causal inferences cannot be made. This means that we cannot establish causality between two variables and therefore cannot make claims about one variable causing the other.

Question 9

The figure above is an example of ……………..
A) bar graph
B) line graph
C) data plot
D) scatterplot

Accepted Answer

The answer of The figure above is an example of...

Question 10

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.
A)construct validity
B)external validity
C)internal validity
D)statistical validity

Accepted Answer

Construct validity refers to the extent to which variables measure what they are intended to measure. If someone is questioning whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, they are essentially questioning construct validity.

Question 11

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Of the three findings in Dr. Moynihan's study, which finding has the largest effect size? Name two things that having a large effect size means.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the...

Question 12

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Imagine that Dr. Moynihan finds two outliers. These two people report a very high number of nightmares in the past month and have very high scores on neuroticism. Why should Dr. Moynihan be worried about the presence of these two outliers?

Accepted Answer

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Question 13

In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need?
A) The mean optimism scores of people who voted and people who did not vote
B) The correlation coefficient between voting behavior and optimism
C) The number of people who voted and did not vote in 2016
D) Each individual participant's optimism score

Accepted Answer

To create the figure, you would need the mean optimism scores of people who voted and those who did not vote to compare the two groups.

Question 14

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?
A) The number of people who voted in 2016 is larger than the number of people who did not vote in 2016.
B) There is an association between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism.
C) Voting in 2016 caused increases in one's level of optimism.
D) Optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018.

Accepted Answer

The figure shows a correlation between voting behavior in 2016 and one's level of optimism. Those who voted in 2016 had a higher level of optimism compared to those who did not vote. However, causation cannot be determined from this figure alone, so we cannot conclude that voting in 2016 caused increases in optimism. Additionally, the figure does not provide any information about the number of people who voted versus those who did not vote in 2016, so we cannot conclude that A is true. We also cannot determine whether optimistic people will be more likely to vote in 2018 just from this figure. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 15

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Imagine that Dr. Moynihan is concerned about curvilinear relationships. Which of the three relationships is most likely to be affected by a curvilinear relationship? How should Dr. Moynihan check for this type of relationship? Why would this be effective?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the...

Question 16

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
What is an outlier? What aspect of Dr. Moynihan's study makes her findings especially susceptible to outliers? Why is this a problem?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the...

Question 17

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
State two questions that you might ask if you were to interrogate the construct validity of Dr. Moynihan's study.

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?
A)Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not.
B)The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity.
C)How each variable was measured must be considered.
D)Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated.

Accepted Answer

To interrogate the construct validity of an association claim, it is important to consider how each variable was measured. This means that both quantitative and qualitative variables need to be assessed. The reliability of the measures is also important, but it is not more important than the validity. Additionally, both the predictor variable and the outcome variable need to be evaluated for construct validity, not just the outcome variable.

Question 19

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the problem.
A)third variable
B)covariance
C)association
D)directionality

Accepted Answer

The temporal precedence criterion refers to the fact that the cause must precede the effect in time. It is also known as the directionality problem, as it is essential to establish which variable is the cause and which is the effect. Therefore, the best choice is D, which corresponds to directionality. The third variable problem (A) refers to the possibility of an outside factor influencing both the cause and the effect, while covariance (B) and association (C) refer to the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, but not to the issue of time precedence.

Question 20

Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of panic attacks a person experienced in the past month, the number of nightmares experienced in the past month, and people's levels of neuroticism (a personality trait characterized by instability, anxiety, and worry). She collects a convenience sample of 50 community college students (25 males, 25 females). Below are her findings.
•A (number of panic attacks in the past month and neuroticism): r =.03, not sig.
•B (number of panic attacks in the past month and number of nightmares in the past month): r =.14 (p = .05)
•C (number of nightmares in the past month and neuroticism): r = .48 (p = .003).
Draw a scatterplot for the three associations found by Dr. Moynihan.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Moynihan conducts a study examining the...

Quiz 8: Bivariate Correlational Research

Which of the following could you conclude by looking at the figure?

Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the figure, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect?

The figure above is an example of a _________.

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that cannot be .

The figure above is an example of ……………..

If a person is asking whether the variables in an association claim are measured appropriately, is being interrogated.

In order to create the figure, which of the following pieces of information would you need?

Which of the following can you conclude by looking at the figure above?

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true?

The temporal precedence criterion is also known as the problem.