Question 1

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:​

Accepted Answer

Hormones can either work together to achieve a greater effect (synergism), one hormone can enhance the effect of another (permissiveness), or one hormone can inhibit the effect of another (antagonism). Therefore, permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism are the three possible ways in which a hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell. Option A and B are incorrect because they do not include antagonism. Option D and E are incorrect because they include terms that are not valid ways for hormones to influence each other.

Question 2

What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood?

Accepted Answer

The posterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) and oxytocin into the bloodstream.

Question 3

What is another term for the neurohypophysis?

Accepted Answer

The neurohypophysis is also called the posterior pituitary, as it is made up of nerve tissue and is an extension of the hypothalamus.

Question 4

What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?​

Accepted Answer

Thyroid hormones are lipophilic and bind to plasma proteins, which significantly extends their half-life in the blood, making them stay active longer than other hormone types listed.

Question 5

What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?​

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones are the most abundant chemical category of hormone. They are composed of chains of amino acids and are synthesized in the endocrine cells of the organs, such as the pancreas, pituitary gland, and hypothalamus. Examples of peptide hormones include insulin, growth hormone, and oxytocin.

Question 6

How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?​

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary secretes six different hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone.

Question 7

What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?​

Accepted Answer

The pineal gland is responsible for secreting melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep and wake cycles.

Question 8

What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?​

Accepted Answer

Somatotropes are the anterior pituitary cells that secrete growth hormone. Corticotropes secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyrotropes secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), gonadotropes secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and lactotropes secrete prolactin.

Question 9

What do corticotropes produce and release?​

Accepted Answer

Corticotropes are a type of endocrine cell in the anterior pituitary gland that produces and releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus. ACTH then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol, a steroid hormone that helps regulate the body's response to stress. Therefore, the best choice is C, ACTH.

Question 10

What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?​

Accepted Answer

Iodine is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone. Iodine is incorporated into the amino acid tyrosine to form thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), the two active forms of thyroid hormone. Without sufficient iodine, the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormone, which can lead to hypothyroidism.

Question 11

Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:​

Accepted Answer

Testicular feminization syndrome is caused by an X-linked recessive genetic mutation that results in a lack of response to androgens, the male sex hormones. While the testes produce androgens normally, the target cells in the body are unable to respond, leading to the development of female sex characteristics despite having XY chromosomes. This is an example of abnormal target-cell responsiveness.

Question 12

What can testosterone be converted to within the body?​

Accepted Answer

Testosterone can be converted to estrogen through a process called aromatization. This process is catalyzed by an enzyme called aromatase.

Question 13

What is another term for the adenohypophysis?

Accepted Answer

Adenohypophysis is commonly known as the anterior pituitary.

Question 14

The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time,which is referred to as their:​

Accepted Answer

The rhythmic fluctuations of hormone secretion rates over a 24-hour time period are called circadian rhythms.

Question 15

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?​

Accepted Answer

The pituitary gland has two lobes - the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.

Question 16

Where are indoleamines produced?​

Accepted Answer

Indoleamines, such as serotonin and melatonin, are primarily produced in the pineal gland located in the brain.

Question 17

From what are catecholamines derived?​

Accepted Answer

Catecholamines, such as dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 18

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n):​

Accepted Answer

A tropic hormone is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone by a target endocrine gland. Its primary function is to regulate hormone secretion by another endocrine gland. Examples of tropic hormones include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Therefore, choice C is the correct answer.

Question 19

Norepinephrine is classified as a(n):​

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine acts as both a hormone, released from the adrenal glands, and a neurotransmitter, released from nerve endings in the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 20

What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate?

Accepted Answer

Oxytocin is commonly referred to as the "bonding hormone" because it facilitates social bonding, particularly between a mother and her infant. This hormone is released during childbirth and breastfeeding, promoting the mother-infant bond.

Quiz 18: Principles of Endocrinology - the Central Endocrine Glands

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:

What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood?

What is another term for the neurohypophysis?

What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?

What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?

How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?

What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?

What do corticotropes produce and release?

What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?

Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:

What can testosterone be converted to within the body?

What is another term for the adenohypophysis?

The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time,which is referred to as their:

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?

Where are indoleamines produced?

From what are catecholamines derived?

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n) :

Norepinephrine is classified as a(n) :

What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate?

Quiz 18: Principles of Endocrinology - the Central Endocrine Glands

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:​

What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood?

What is another term for the neurohypophysis?

What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?​

What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?​

How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?​

What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?​

What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?​

What do corticotropes produce and release?​

What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?​

Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:​

What can testosterone be converted to within the body?​

What is another term for the adenohypophysis?

The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time,which is referred to as their:​

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?​

Where are indoleamines produced?​

From what are catecholamines derived?​

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n) :​

Norepinephrine is classified as a(n) :​

What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate?

A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:

What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?

What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?

How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?

What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?

What do corticotropes produce and release?

What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?

Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:

What can testosterone be converted to within the body?

The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time,which is referred to as their:

How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?

Where are indoleamines produced?

From what are catecholamines derived?

A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified functionally as a(n) :

Norepinephrine is classified as a(n) :