Question 1

In an experimental investigation of the retrograde effects of ECS on one-trial conditioning (Pinel, 1969),

Accepted Answer

Rats that received ECS shortly after the conditioning trial (10 seconds, 1 minute, or 10 minutes) showed reduced exploration during the test, indicating retrograde amnesia for the conditioning.

Question 2

The study of Alzheimer's disease has implicated

Accepted Answer

The answer of The study of Alzheimer's disease has implicated
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Question 3

In one test commonly used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia in macaque monkeys,

Accepted Answer

In this test, food is available under the nonsample object during the test phase of each trial. This is because the monkeys are first shown a sample object, and then in the test phase, they are presented with two objects, one of which is the sample object and the other is a novel object. The food is placed under the object that was not the sample object during the test phase. This test is used to study medial-temporal-lobe amnesia as monkeys with this type of amnesia have difficulty remembering which object was the sample and will therefore have difficulty finding the food. Choice A is incorrect as the sample appears during the sample-presentation phase, not the test phase. Choice B is incorrect as food is not available under both objects during the test phase. Choice D is incorrect as food is not available during the sample-presentation phase. Choice E is incorrect as food is available during the test phase, just not under the sample object.

Question 4

Because H.M.'s surgery seemed to disrupt only those retrograde memories acquired shortly before his surgery, it was widely believed that the hippocampus

Accepted Answer

H.M.'s surgery disrupted only those memories acquired shortly before the surgery, indicating that the hippocampus plays a role in transferring memories from temporary storage to a more permanent storage site. This suggests that the hippocampus is involved in temporarily storing memories before they are consolidated into long-term memory, but it is not the site of long-term storage. Therefore, option C, which states that the hippocampus temporarily stores memories before they are transferred to a more permanent storage site, is the best choice.

Question 5

In Alzheimer's disease, the brain damage is

Accepted Answer

In Alzheimer's disease, brain damage is diffuse, affecting multiple areas throughout the brain rather than being restricted to one specific region.

Question 6

In retrospect, the major reason for the initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was that efforts focused on

Accepted Answer

The initial difficulty in developing an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia was due to the focus on implicit memory tests and the hippocampus. Implicit memory tests do not fully capture the complexities of human amnesia, and focusing solely on the hippocampus overlooks the involvement of other medial temporal lobe structures in memory processes.

Question 7

Islands of memory following concussion are memories of

Accepted Answer

Islands of memory following a concussion refer to the phenomenon where an individual can remember specific events that occurred during periods of time for which there is otherwise total amnesia. This means that while the person may not recall most of what happened during a certain period following the concussion, they can recall certain events in detail, as if these memories are "islands" in a "sea" of amnesia.

Question 8

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories are temporarily susceptible to posttraumatic amnesia when they are

Accepted Answer

According to the reconsolidation notion, long-term memories become temporarily unstable and susceptible to modification when they are recalled or retrieved. This means that they can be altered or even erased during this brief period of vulnerability. Therefore, option A is the best choice as it aligns with this concept. The other options are not directly related to the process of reconsolidation or posttraumatic amnesia.

Question 9

In an innovative series of experiments, Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT.They assessed the patients' memory for television shows that

Accepted Answer

Squire and his colleagues assessed the retrograde amnesia of patients following ECT by assessing their memory for television shows that had played for only one season. This allowed them to control for any potential confounding factors related to the patients' previous exposure to the shows.

Question 10

Which of the following has been used extensively in the assessment of object-recognition memory in monkeys?

Accepted Answer

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample task is a widely used test for assessing object-recognition memory in monkeys, where the subject must identify a novel object among familiar ones after a delay.

Question 11

The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury has been frequently studied in laboratory animals by

Accepted Answer

The answer of The retrograde amnesia associated with closed-head injury...

Question 12

Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation usually takes about

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research has consistently shown that memory consolidation...

Question 13

Electroconvulsive shock is commonly used in studies of memory because it

Accepted Answer

Electroconvulsive shock has amnesic effects similar to those produced by a concussion, which can selectively disrupt certain types of memory while leaving others intact. This makes it a useful tool for studying memory processes.

Question 14

Monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions displayed deficits on the __________ similar to those displayed by H.M.

Accepted Answer

The delayed nonmatching-to-sample test is a task commonly used to assess memory function in nonhuman primates and has been found to demonstrate deficits similar to those displayed by H.M. in monkeys with large medial-temporal-lobe lesions.

Question 15

Amnesia that is produced by a blow to the head that does not penetrate the skull is called __________ amnesia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Amnesia that is produced by a blow...

Question 16

A change in the brain that stores a memory is called

Accepted Answer

A change in the brain that stores a memory is known as engram.

Question 17

The human medial temporal lobe includes the

Accepted Answer

The human medial temporal lobe includes all of the structures listed: the hippocampus, amygdala, and rhinal cortex, as well as the CA1 subfield.

Question 18

-Illustrated here is the time course of events occurring before and after

Accepted Answer

The term "concussion" is associated with events occurring before and after a specific incident, typically referring to a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. The time course of events in the context of a concussion includes both the immediate effects and the subsequent recovery or complications that can arise.

Question 19

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975)in which the memory for __________ was assessed.

Accepted Answer

The study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) assessed memory for television shows that played for only one year to demonstrate the long-term resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock.

Question 20

At delays of a few minutes or less, healthy control monkeys score about __________ correct on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task

Accepted Answer

Healthy control monkeys are expected to perform well on the delayed nonmatching-to-sample task, with a score of around 90% correct for delays of a few minutes or less. This indicates that they have good working memory and can remember the initial sample stimulus and successfully choose the nonmatching stimulus after a short delay.

Quiz 11: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia

In an experimental investigation of the retrograde effects of ECS on one-trial conditioning (Pinel, 1969) ,