Question 1

Which of the following is the correct order of psychosexual stages,according to Freud?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual stages of development are oral (0-18 months), anal (18-36 months), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-puberty), and genital (puberty onward). Choice D lists these stages in the correct order.

Question 2

Lisa asks her nine-year-old daughter Erica the following hypothetical question: "How would the world change if people woke up tomorrow and discovered they could fly?" Erica immediately responded: "But people can't fly!" Erica's answer indicates that she has not reached the stage of:

Accepted Answer

Erica's response indicates she has not reached the stage of formal operations. In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the formal operational stage is when individuals can think abstractly and hypothetically. Erica's difficulty in considering a hypothetical scenario suggests she is not yet at this stage.

Question 3

Research has indicated that children can complete some tasks earlier than Piaget had theorized if the:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory suggested that children's cognitive abilities develop in stages and that they must reach a certain level of development to complete certain tasks. However, research has shown that presenting tasks in different ways can help children complete them earlier. This is because different presentations can appeal to different cognitive abilities and skills, allowing children to use these skills to complete the task. Egocentric thinking and gender schemas are not related to completing tasks earlier, and while attending day care can impact cognitive development, it is not specific to completing tasks earlier.

Question 4

From a cognitive developmental perspective,why do teenagers often engage in risky behavior?

Accepted Answer

The personal fable is a cognitive distortion in which teenagers think that their experiences and feelings are completely unique to them and that they are invulnerable to harm. This can lead to engaging in risky behavior as they believe that negative consequences won't happen to them.

Question 5

According to the textbook,developing a sense of self is a focus of ____ development.

Accepted Answer

Developing a sense of self is a focus of social development. Social development refers to the way children interact with others, form friendships and relationships, and understand and navigate social contexts. Developing a sense of self is an important part of social development because it involves understanding one's own identity and place in the world in relation to others. While cognitive development, emotional development, and temperament can all play a role in social development, they are not the primary focus when it comes to developing a sense of self.

Question 6

Evaluations of Piaget's theory have suggested that:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's stages may not be as rigid as he proposed. Research has shown that children can exhibit characteristics of more than one stage at a time, and the ages at which they enter and exit stages can vary. This suggests that the stages may be more fluid and individualized than originally thought.

Question 7

A key component of Freud's psychosexual theory is ____ between child and parent.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, children experience conflict with their parents as they go through various stages of development and struggle with their innate sexual and aggressive desires, which can sometimes conflict with societal norms and expectations. This conflict, as well as the child's resolution of it, is seen as crucial to their psychological development and personality formation. While mutual respect, communication, and love may also play roles in parent-child relationships, conflict is a central feature of Freud's theory.

Question 8

In what stage can an individual consider abstract ideas and hypothetical concepts?

Accepted Answer

Formal operations is the stage where an individual can consider abstract ideas and hypothetical concepts. This stage typically begins around age 12 and continues through adulthood. The individual can engage in more complex and logical thinking, including deductive reasoning, and can understand abstract concepts such as justice and love.

Question 9

"Joan is older than Helen.Helen is older than Chris.Is Joan older or younger than Chris?" To solve this problem,a child must have reached which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

The answer of "Joan is older than Helen.Helen is older...

Question 10

A friend with a three-year-old child has decided to try to accelerate the child's cognitive development by teaching him how to conserve and handle hypothetical problems.The friend's attempts are:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory suggests that children progress through cognitive stages in a fixed order, and development cannot be accelerated. However, research has shown that preoperational children can perform conservation tasks with simplified instructions, suggesting that cognitive development can be modified. Therefore, it is plausible that the friend's attempts to teach conservation and hypothetical problems to her child could work if simplified instructions are used.

Question 11

If Piaget could revise his theory of cognitive development,what might he have changed?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory might be revised to incorporate more emphasis on how genetics and the environment influence cognitive abilities, acknowledging the role of nature and nurture in cognitive development. This is because subsequent research has shown that cognitive abilities are influenced by both genetic factors and environmental contexts, which was not fully accounted for in Piaget's original theory.

Question 12

You attend a presentation on cognitive development.The speaker says that he believes children are naturally curious and want to explore the environment.The speaker has clearly been influenced by the theoretical ideas of _____.

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes that children engage in active exploratory behavior and construct their understanding of the world through their experiences with their environment. This aligns with the speaker's belief that children are naturally curious and have a desire to explore their surroundings.

Question 13

If an individual's wishes are overgratified or undergratified at any particular psychosexual stage,Freud would argue that ____ will occur.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, if an individual's wishes are either overgratified or undergratified at any particular psychosexual stage, they may become fixated at that stage. This fixation can result in personality traits and behaviors associated with that stage, which can impact their adult personality and behavior.

Question 14

A child's primary goal is to satisfy desires associated with innate biological needs.This statement is characteristic of the theory of:

Accepted Answer

This statement is characteristic of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the importance of unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts and the stages of psychosexual development.

Question 15

As Candy,a 16-year old,is talking to her parents about her boyfriend Brian,she yells at them,"You just don't understand what I'm going through!" Candy is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

Candy is exhibiting the personal fable, which is the belief that one's experiences are unique and no one else can understand them. This is a common trait in adolescence, where individuals tend to view themselves as special and invincible.

Question 16

According to Module 17,a three-year-old child who is rated high in seeking stimulation will:

Accepted Answer

Children who are rated high in seeking stimulation tend to explore their environment more, which can lead to enhanced cognitive development. This increased exploration and engagement with their surroundings can contribute to higher IQ scores compared to children who are rated low in stimulation seeking.

Question 17

"They'll all laugh at me," says Mindy,a 13-year old,after discovering a large pimple on her nose.Mindy's comment best illustrates a characteristic known as:

Accepted Answer

The imaginary audience refers to the belief that others are intensely interested in one's appearance and behavior, leading to feelings of self-consciousness and anxiety about being scrutinized and judged. Mindy's concern about being laughed at by others for her pimple is an example of the imaginary audience. Preconventional thinking refers to the earliest stage of moral development in which children are focused on rewards and punishment, whereas inferiority is a feeling of inadequacy or low self-worth. The personal fable is the belief that one's experiences and feelings are unique and exclusive to oneself.

Question 18

Two senior citizens are discussing their teenage grandsons.Both agree that the teens think that they should have the same concerns as them and this is called ______.

Accepted Answer

Egocentrism is the tendency for teenagers to believe that their experiences and concerns are unique and represent the experiences and concerns of everyone. They may struggle to understand others' perspectives and may believe that their issues are more significant than those of others, including their grandparents. Assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new information into one's existing knowledge, and it is not relevant to the situation described in the question. Role confusion refers to a stage of identity development in which individuals are uncertain about their place in life or the roles they should play, which is also not directly related to the situation described. Centering is a concept related to cognitive development and involves the tendency to focus one's thoughts on a single aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others, which is not relevant here.

Question 19

According to Piaget,the ability to solve abstract problems in a logical manner is characteristic of which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the ability to solve abstract problems in a logical manner is characteristic of the formal operations stage. This stage typically begins around age 11 and is marked by the ability to reason logically and systematically about hypothetical concepts and situations.

Question 20

Piaget's theory has been criticized for:

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory has been criticized for not explaining why the thinking of children changes, as it focuses more on describing the stages of cognitive development rather than the underlying mechanisms driving these changes.

Quiz 17: Infancy Childhood