Question 1

The integrative theory of gender development

Accepted Answer

The integrative theory of gender development states that particular theories (e.g. social learning theory, cognitive development theory, gender schema theory) are valid at each stage of development and can be integrated to provide a comprehensive understanding of gender development. It does not discard supportive data from theories it attacks, abandon the notion of gender schemas, or claim that ambiguous sexuality constitutes a third gender identity.

Question 2

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, the stage of sex-typing at which a girl first recognizes that she can never become a father is

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, gender stability is the stage at which a child understands that gender is stable and stays the same over time. This is typically around age 4 or 5. At this stage, a girl would recognize that she will always be a girl and cannot change into a boy, but may still not fully understand the difference between sex (biological) and gender (socially constructed). It is not until the next stage, gender consistency, that a child understands that gender does not change even if one's appearance or activities do. Therefore, option A) gender stability is the best choice for the stage at which a girl first recognizes that she can never become a father.

Question 3

In Kohlberg's gender-typing theory, GENDER STABILITY is to GENDER CONSISTENCY as ____ is to ____.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's gender-typing theory posits that gender stability (the recognition that one's gender is stable over time) is a precursor to gender consistency (the realization that gender is invariant despite changes in appearance or behavior). The analogy between stability and consistency is one of time and situation, as the former relates to a perception over time and the latter pertains to a realization across different contexts. Therefore, the best option is D, time and situation. The other choices are not related to the analogy between stability and consistency.

Question 4

Which intervention is most effective for changing gender-role attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly have been shown to be the most effective way of changing gender-role attitudes. This approach challenges the underlying assumptions and beliefs that lead to gender stereotyping and promotes more progressive attitudes towards gender roles. Other approaches, such as praising cross-sex play or using persuasive efforts led by women, may be helpful in certain contexts, but they are less effective in achieving long-term attitude change.

Question 5

Gender-schema theory states that we best recall incoming information that matches our gender schemas. This helps to explain why

Accepted Answer

Gender-schema theory suggests that we have preconceived ideas about what is appropriate behavior for males and females based on societal norms and values. When we encounter new information that fits with these preconceptions, it is easier for us to remember and recall. This is why stereotyped gender beliefs are very persistent, as they are reinforced by the information that we encounter on a daily basis.

Answer: D
 Another aspect of gender-schema theory is that young children begin to actively seek out information that supports their gender schema. This means that they often choose to play with children of the same gender and engage in activities that are typically associated with that gender. This gender-segregated behavior helps to reinforce their gender schema and make it more rigid over time.

Question 6

Transsexuals' gender-reassignment surgery contradicts the principle of

Accepted Answer

The answer of Transsexuals' gender-reassignment surgery contradicts the principle of
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Question 7

The child's in-group/out-group schema

Accepted Answer

The child's in-group/out-group schema involves categorizing people and things into groups based on similarities and differences. As such, it is likely to lead to the classification of topics as gender-appropriate or -inappropriate for girls versus boys. This may occur, for example, when a child assumes that certain activities or interests are only for one gender or the other, based on the in-group/out-group distinctions that they have learned.

Question 8

The thrust of gender-schema theory is to explain how

Accepted Answer

Gender-schema theory proposes that children actively construct their own understanding of gender through the filtering of incoming gendered information using their own pre-existing gender schema. Therefore, the way that children think about incoming gender information is influenced by their own gender schema.

Question 9

The fact that gender typing occurs before the child acquires a mature gender identity ____ Kohlberg's theory of gender typing.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of gender typing posits that children must achieve gender identity before they can adopt gender-typed behaviors. Therefore, evidence that gender typing occurs before a mature gender identity is formed contradicts his theory.

Question 10

The integrative theory outlined in the text suggests that children gain intrinsic motivation to seek sex-role information and to acquire sex-appropriate behaviors

Accepted Answer

According to the integrative theory outlined in the text, children gain intrinsic motivation to seek sex-role information and to acquire sex-appropriate behaviors from about the age of three.

Question 11

In Kohlberg's theory of gender typing, the child begins to self-socialize about gender after recently having understood about

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory posits that children begin to self-socialize in terms of gender after they have achieved gender consistency, which is the understanding that one's gender remains the same across time and situations.

Question 12

In Ruble and Martin's integrative theory, biosocial/psychobiosocial theories are judged to apply to

Accepted Answer

Ruble and Martin's integrative theory suggests that biosocial/psychobiosocial theories are most relevant and applicable to the prenatal period. These theories focus on the biological and environmental factors that shape development before birth, such as genetic influences, prenatal nutrition, and exposure to toxins.

Question 13

____ is a progressive country that already encourages psychological androgyny among its children and teenagers.

Accepted Answer

Sweden is known for its progressive views on gender equality and promoting a gender-neutral society. The country has implemented policies to encourage psychological androgyny among children and teenagers, such as gender-neutral pronouns and the removal of gender-specific toys in preschools.

Question 14

John and Mary each run a session of the same program to reduce children's gender stereotypes. It would be expected that

Accepted Answer

The answer of John and Mary each run a session...

Question 15

A slogan of gender-schema theory would be,

Accepted Answer

The slogan of gender-schema theory is "Gender knowledge guides information processing", which emphasizes that individuals internalize gender roles and develop schemas, or mental frameworks, that guide their understanding and interpretation of the world around them. These schemas affect how individuals perceive, store, and retrieve information.

B, C, and D are incorrect choices. "Look, listen, and imitate" could apply to any theory or approach to learning, and is not specific to gender-schema theory. "Basic gender identity precedes everything else" is a simplified version of the theory, but is not the slogan. "To learn about gender, study the Bible" is not related to gender-schema theory, as it is a religious text and not a psychological theory.

Question 16

Children are most likely to remember gender-related information that

Accepted Answer

Children are more likely to remember gender-related information that matches the contents of their own gender schemas, as this information is consistent with their existing beliefs and understanding about gender roles. This is because children are more likely to attend to and process information that is relevant and meaningful to them. Conversely, information that contradicts their gender schemas, or assigns a superior role to the feminine gender role, may be more difficult for children to process and remember. The option D is irrelevant to the context of gender-related information.

Question 17

The theory that emphasizes the role of selective information gathering and recall in the development of sex stereotypes, patterns of gender-appropriate behavior, and gender-appropriate preferences is

Accepted Answer

The theory that emphasizes the role of selective information gathering and recall in the development of sex stereotypes, patterns of gender-appropriate behavior, and gender-appropriate preferences is gender-schema theory.

Question 18

According to gender-schema theory, the child develops an own-sex schema to

Accepted Answer

Gender-schema theory suggests that children develop a mental framework, or schema, for understanding gender that includes expectations for appropriate behavior and activities based on their own sex. This schema provides guidance for gender-consistent actions and behaviors, helping the child navigate their social environment. It is not related to resolving the Oedipus/Electra complex or exposing cultural myths, nor does it directly address the timing of puberty.

Question 19

Children are likely to encode and remember information that is consistent with their ideas about gender, but they are likely to forget or distort information that is not consistent with their views. This is a tenant of the ____ theory.

Accepted Answer

The statement about children remembering information consistent with their ideas about gender and forgetting or distorting information that is not consistent with their views aligns with the gender-schema theory. This theory suggests that children develop schemas, or mental frameworks, for understanding gender, which influence how they encode and remember information related to gender.

Question 20

A gender schema is a

Accepted Answer

A gender schema is a child's early set of beliefs about gender roles formed by observing the behavior of others around them. This includes expectations about what behaviors, activities, and interests are appropriate for males and females, as well as attitudes toward gender. It is not a group of cultural myths about gender or a secret plan by feminists. While it can influence behavior and lead to self-fulfilling prophecies, this is not what a gender schema itself is.

Quiz 12: Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development