Question 1

Sociologist Robert Agnew's general strain theory (GST) helps identify the micro- or individual-level influences of strain. Explain how this theory differs from those of Robert Merton and Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld. Now explain what Agnew means when he says that criminality is the direct result of negative affective states.

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Question 2

In regard to the relationship between social status and criminal behaviour, describe the issues that criminologists consider important in understanding the general and the unique causes of crime and how these affect Canadian culture.

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Question 3

Sociologist Robert Merton applied the sociological concepts first identified by Emile Durkheim to criminology in his theory of anomie. Discuss this theory, and then evaluate it.

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Question 4

There are three independent yet overlapping branches within the social structure perspective: social disorganization theory, strain theory, and cultural deviance theory. Briefly discuss the main focuses of each of these theories.

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Question 5

Describe the cultural hardships experienced by Canadian immigrants, visible minorities, and Aboriginals. Examine the potential cost and social consequences should these conditions remain unchanged. Explain what factors should significantly influence social policy as preventative measures in the criminal justice system.

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Question 6

More than 40 years ago, sociologist Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms that help define lower-class culture. Miller referred to them as focal concerns. Discuss these focal concerns.

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Question 7

Discuss how income plays a significant role in the lives of children and adolescents growing up in Canada and the development of potential criminals.

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Question 8

Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory is an updating of Robert Merton's work. Explain how this theory differs from Merton's.

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Question 9

The theory of delinquent subcultures and the theory of differential opportunity both look at youth gang activity. What are the similarities and differences between the two perspectives?

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Question 10

Albert Cohen first articulated the theory of delinquent subculture in his classic 1955 book, Delinquent Boys. Discuss the basic assumptions of this theory. Do you agree with Cohen's assumptions? Why or why not?

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Quiz 6: Social Structure Theories