Question 1

In considering whether research is ethical,which of the following are balanced against each other?

Accepted Answer

In ethical research, the potential risks to participants must be balanced against the potential value of knowledge gained from the research. The other options (A, B, and C) do not capture the ethical considerations needed to determine whether research is ethical.

Question 2

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee Study involved participants being denied treatment for syphilis, which caused harm, and they were not treated with respect. The participants were also from a disadvantaged social group, as they were African American men who were economically disadvantaged. However, the study was conducted by actual doctors, so violation C was not committed.

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night.He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason,but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up)or provide them with no cover story at all.Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception?

Accepted Answer

The most important issue to consider is whether the study can be conducted just as well without deception. Deception in research should only be used when it is necessary and when there are no alternative methods available. In this case, Dr. Kline can conduct the study without deception by informing participants of the procedure and obtaining their informed consent. Providing no cover story at all would also be acceptable as long as participants are fully informed of the study procedures. It is important to prioritize the ethical principles of informed consent and minimizing harm to participants. The IRB will also consider these factors when reviewing the study protocol. The other options listed may also be important, but they are not as crucial as determining whether deception is necessary.

Question 4

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. As a psychologist who primarily does research,Dr.Kline is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kline, as a researcher, is most concerned with APA Standard 8, which deals with research and publication ethics, including ensuring informed consent, avoiding harm, and maintaining integrity in research practices.

Question 5

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline plans to tell his participants that the reason he is waking them up during the night is to recalibrate the EEG machine.This would be an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Deception through commission involves providing false information to participants, which is what Dr. Kline is doing by telling them he is waking them to recalibrate the EEG machine.

Question 6

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Imagine that Dr.Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates.Because of his connections there,he is considering using prisoners as his participants.Why is this choice potentially problematic?

Accepted Answer

The use of prisoners as participants in research raises ethical concerns regarding their ability to provide informed consent and the potential for coercion due to their incarceration. In addition, prisoners are considered a vulnerable population and are entitled to special protections according to the Belmont Report. Given Dr. Kline's position at the prison, participants may also fear negative consequences if they do not participate. Therefore, both options A and B are problematic.

Question 7

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee Study, also known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, was a research study conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service from 1932 to 1972 to examine the natural progression of untreated syphilis in African American men.

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent.Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The Principle of Respect for Persons requires informed consent, which means participants must be given all the necessary information about the study before agreeing to participate. Therefore, adhering to this principle requires Dr. Kline to obtain informed consent from his participants.

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline suspects that the people who will most benefit from his study are high school and college students,who are asked to perform cognitive functions in various states of sleep deprivation.Given this information,what type of participants should Dr.Kline recruit for his study?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kline should recruit college students as they are the ones who are most likely to experience sleep deprivation while studying for exams. Children from a daycare center, patients from a clinical psychology practice, and people with a history of sleep deprivation are not the ideal participants for this study as they may not be experiencing selective sleep deprivation, which is the specific focus of the study.

Question 10

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence requires that researchers weigh the potential risks and benefits of research, and that they take steps to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. Balancing the costs and benefits to participants is one way to address this principle.

Question 11

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Imagine that Dr.Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates.Because of his connections there,he is considering using prisoners as his participants.The institutional review board (IRB)that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member?

Accepted Answer

Since Dr. Kline is considering using prisoners as participants, the IRB must have a prisoner advocate as a member to ensure that the rights and welfare of the prisoners are protected during the research study. It is important to have someone who can advocate for the prisoners' interests and ensure that their participation is voluntary and informed. While the other options may be relevant to the prison context, they are not necessary for an IRB reviewing a research study involving prisoners.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

Accepted Answer

Coercion involves the use of threats or force to compel someone to do something they do not want to do. In option B, offering extra credit is an incentive, not a threat or forceful action. Therefore, option B is not an example of coercion.

Question 13

According to the Belmont Report,which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?

Accepted Answer

The Belmont Report identifies three groups that are entitled to special protection: children, prisoners, and pregnant women. None of the options listed (college students, members of minority racial groups, parents, immigrants) are specifically mentioned in the Belmont Report as requiring special protection.

Question 14

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline plans to use deception in his study and is thinking about a debriefing session.Which of the following is true of the debriefing?

Accepted Answer

Participants must be told the reasons for the deception as a part of the debriefing process. It is important to fully inform participants of the nature of the study, procedures used, and the reasons for any deception used in the study, in order to ensure informed consent and ethical conduct of research. Therefore, option D is the best choice. Options A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the ethical requirements for a debriefing session.

Question 15

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Dr.Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on...

Question 16

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The Principle of Justice in the Belmont Report refers to the obligation to ensure that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly. The belief that participants should be representative of those who would benefit from the findings of the research is an aspect of justice, as it ensures that the benefits of the research are distributed fairly among the population.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report?

Accepted Answer

The Belmont Report was written in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe and yielded three guiding principles of ethical research.

Question 18

Which of the following events did NOT occur in the Tuskegee Study?

Accepted Answer

Participants in the Tuskegee Study were not given or infected with syphilis; they were already infected when they were enrolled in the study. The study's unethical nature was due to the lack of treatment and misinformation provided to the participants.

Question 19

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. Upon receiving IRB approval,Dr.Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study.However,his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr.Kline with invented results that support his hypotheses.This is known as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Data fabrication refers to making up data or results and recording or reporting them, which is what the graduate student did by inventing results.

Question 20

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1
Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
-Refer to Research Study 4.1 above to answer the following question. To address the Belmont Principle of Beneficence,Dr.Kline would need to ask which of the following questions?

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence requires that researchers minimize potential harm to participants and maximize potential benefits. In this study, participants will be deprived of selective sleep, which could potentially harm their physical and cognitive functioning. Therefore, to address beneficence, Dr. Kline should ask what he can do to decrease potential harm experienced by his participants.

Quiz 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research