Question 1

Former Enron Vice-President Sherron Watkins used the ________ analogy to explain why executives at Enron engaged in unethical and illegal actions.

Accepted Answer

Sherron Watkins used the "frogs in boiling water" analogy to explain why executives at Enron engaged in unethical and illegal actions. The analogy refers to the idea that if you put a frog in boiling water, it will jump out. However, if you put a frog in cool water and slowly increase the temperature, it will not notice the gradual change and eventually be boiled alive. Similarly, Watkins believed that executives at Enron became gradually desensitized to unethical behavior and did not realize the severity of their actions until it was too late.

Question 2

All of the following reasons provide rationale for unethical behavior EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

All other options provide some justification for why someone might engage in unethical behavior, but agreement among stakeholders and business people that unethical behavior is acceptable would not be seen as a rationale for unethical behavior.

Question 3

All of the following are one of the four types of moral relativism EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Principled relativism is not typically recognized as one of the four types of moral relativism, which generally include naive relativism, role relativism, social group relativism, and cultural relativism.

Question 4

Blindly following orders reflects which type of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

Role relativism is the concept that suggests individuals' moral obligations and ethical decisions are relative to their social roles or positions. Blindly following orders is a behavior that aligns with role relativism, as it implies that one's actions are determined by their role or position, rather than by universal moral principles or personal ethical considerations.

Question 5

Of the six values measured by the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values test,both U.S.and British executives consistently score highest on ________ values and lowest on ________ values.

Accepted Answer

According to the text, executives from the US and the UK consistently score highest on economic and political values, and lowest on social and religious values. Option C is the only one that includes both economic and political, and social and religious values.

Question 6

Secondary stakeholders have a direct connection with the corporation and have sufficient bargaining to directly affect corporate activities.

Accepted Answer

Secondary stakeholders do not have a direct connection with the corporation and typically do not have sufficient bargaining power to directly affect corporate activities; instead, they are indirectly affected by the corporation's actions.

Question 7

As opposed to rule-based countries,relationship-based countries tend to

Accepted Answer

In relationship-based countries, business and governmental affairs often depend more on personal relationships and networks than on formal rules and procedures. This can lead to less transparency, as decisions are made based on personal connections rather than transparent criteria. It can also lead to a higher degree of corruption, as the reliance on personal relationships can facilitate corrupt practices.

Question 8

The ________ has been measuring the state of ethics in organizations since 2007.

Accepted Answer

The Ethics Resource Center has been measuring the state of ethics in organizations since 2007 through its National Business Ethics Survey.

Question 9

Some people claim that morality is relative to some personal,social,or cultural standard and that there is no method for deciding whether one decision is better than another.This is called

Accepted Answer

Moral relativism is the belief that morality is relative to some personal, social, or cultural standard, and there is no one method for deciding whether one decision is better than another. It is widely debated in the field of ethics, with some proponents arguing that it allows for a diverse range of moral systems to coexist, while opponents argue that it can lead to moral relativism being used as an excuse for unethical behavior.

Question 10

Rule-based governance

Accepted Answer

Rule-based governance relies on publicly verifiable information, such as laws and regulations, to guide decision-making and actions. This is true regardless of whether it is found in developing or developed nations. Rule-based governance is considered more transparent than other forms of governance because the rules are publicly available and can be checked against actions taken by those in power. Implicit agreement implies a lack of transparency, so option C is incorrect. Option D is also incorrect because rule-based governance is considered more transparent than other forms of governance. Finally, option E is not necessarily true, as the investment required to establish rule-based governance can vary depending on the context.

Question 11

Which of the following is the most common reason given by surveyed executives for bending the rules to attain their objectives?

Accepted Answer

Organizational performance required it is often cited as the most common reason by executives for bending the rules to achieve their objectives, as they may feel pressured to meet certain targets or outcomes.

Question 12

According to a 2013 survey by the Ethics Resource Center,which of the following was cited as a significant positive trend?

Accepted Answer

The survey found that the percentage of firms providing ethical training had risen to an all-time high of 81%, indicating a positive trend towards promoting ethical behavior in organizations. The other options are either incorrect or suggest negative trends.

Question 13

A company may have some stakeholders of which it is only marginally aware and in some cases does not seem interested in appeasing.

Accepted Answer

It is possible for a company to have stakeholders that it is not fully aware of or does not prioritize in its efforts to satisfy stakeholders.

Question 14

According to Kohlberg,the first level of moral development,characterized by concern for self,is called

Accepted Answer

The first level of moral development, characterized by concern for self, is called pre-conventional, as per Kohlberg's theory. This stage is focused on self-interest, and individuals make decisions based on what is best for them, rather than considering the needs or perspectives of others.

Question 15

"When in Rome,do as the Romans do" reflects which type of moral relativism?

Accepted Answer

"When in Rome, do as the Romans do" reflects cultural relativism, which is the belief that different cultures have different moral codes, and what is considered moral or immoral in one culture may not be the same in another. The phrase suggests that one should adapt to the customs and behaviors of the culture they are in, rather than imposing their own moral standards onto others.

Question 16

Role relativism is based on the belief that

Accepted Answer

Role relativism suggests that the moral obligations and ethical decisions of an individual are significantly influenced by the social roles they occupy. This perspective emphasizes that different roles may entail different responsibilities and ethical considerations.

Question 17

According to a 2011 survey by the Ethics Resource Center,which was not cited as one of the most common questionable behaviors that employees engage in?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to a 2011 survey by the...

Question 18

According to Kohlberg,the second level of moral development,characterized by considerations of society's laws and norms,is called

Accepted Answer

The conventional level of moral development is characterized by adherence to society's laws and norms. This level is the second of Kohlberg's six stages of moral development, after the pre-conventional level and before the principled level.

Question 19

In 2011,the Ethics Resource Center found that ________ percent of employees surveyed had witnessed misconduct at work and ________ percent had reported it.

Accepted Answer

According to the Ethics Resource Center's survey in 2011, 45 percent of employees surveyed had witnessed misconduct at work, and 65 percent of employees who witnessed misconduct had reported it.

Question 20

What is stakeholder analysis? List the three-step process.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is stakeholder analysis? List the three-step...

Quiz 3: Social Responsibility and Ethics in Strategic Management