Question 1

Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the ________ and ________.

Accepted Answer

The occipital lobe's anatomical outputs primarily follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the inferior temporal lobe and the posterior parietal lobe. These pathways are crucial for processing visual information and integrating it with other sensory inputs.

Question 2

A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.

Accepted Answer

The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for processing spatial information, including the ability to represent the spatial layout of the environment. Damage to this area can result in difficulty with spatial processing, such as getting lost or misjudging distances. Damage to the other lobes listed may result in different deficits, such as visual processing deficits (occipital lobe), language deficits (temporal lobe), or executive function deficits (frontal lobe).

Question 3

The patient D.F., studied by Goodale and Milner (1982), had severe problems with object recognition. When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut,

Accepted Answer

Goodale and Milner (1982) found that D.F. was able to insert a card into the slot when asked to do so, even though she was unable to follow the instruction to orient the card so that it would fit. This suggests that D.F. was able to perceive the spatial relationship between the card and the slot, but had difficulty with object recognition.

Question 4

An undercover agent notices a green car parked outside her apartment building when she leaves for work at 8:00 a.m. Later she notices the same car in a store parking lot and becomes suspicious that she is being followed. The agent's ability to recognize the car under these two different circumstances is an example of

Accepted Answer

Object constancy refers to the ability to recognize an object as being the same, even when presented in different contexts (such as different lighting or from different angles). In this case, the undercover agent was able to recognize the green car as the same one despite seeing it in two different locations, which demonstrates object constancy. The other options - viewer-centered object recognition, perceptual categorization, and property-based organization - are not as applicable to this scenario.

Question 5

The "what" versus "where" distinction is supported by single-cell recording studies showing that neurons in the ________ lobes have receptive fields that are almost always located in the fovea, where high-acuity vision takes place.

Accepted Answer

The "what" versus "where" distinction in visual processing is supported by findings that neurons in the inferior temporal lobes are primarily involved in object recognition (the "what"), and these neurons have receptive fields in the fovea, which is the area of the retina responsible for high-acuity vision.

Question 6

In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________________.

Accepted Answer

In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be lower for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the repetition suppression effect, which reflects a reduction in neural activity due to the repeated presentation of the same stimulus.

Question 7

To create an effective encoding model of the brain's visual activity, what properties should be used to model V1 voxel activity?

Accepted Answer

The receptive field properties of V1 neurons are important to model visual activity, as they determine the specific visual features that activate each neuron. This information can be used to create an effective encoding model of the brain's visual activity. Semantic properties, face properties, and place properties are not directly relevant to modeling V1 voxel activity.

Question 8

There are various issues with the idea that single neurons encode the mental representations for all possible complex visual stimuli. Which of the following is NOT one of these issues?

Accepted Answer

Neurophysiological evidence has consistently shown that visual cells respond selectively to specific types of stimuli, which contradicts the idea that single neurons encode mental representations for all possible visual stimuli. A, B, and D are all legitimate issues with this idea.

Question 9

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral.

Accepted Answer

The two main output pathways from the occipital lobe are the dorsal pathway (also known as the "where" pathway) and the ventral pathway (also known as the "what" pathway). The dorsal pathway is responsible for processing information about the location and movement of objects, while the ventral pathway is responsible for processing information about the identity and characteristics of objects. Therefore, "where" is to "what" as dorsal is to ventral.

Question 10

A role of the dorsal visual system in computing the way in which a movement should be produced argues for a dichotomy between

Accepted Answer

The dorsal visual system is involved in processing "how" a movement should be produced, which contrasts with the "what" aspect (object identification) typically associated with the ventral visual system. This distinction supports a "what" vs. "how" dichotomy in visual processing.

Question 11

Eliminating a gnostic unit would

Accepted Answer

The answer of Eliminating a gnostic unit would
...

Question 12

Lomber and Malhorta (2008) conducted a study asking cats to identify the where and what of an auditory stimulus. Using thin tubes of cold liquid, the researchers induced transient lesions. Lesions to the anterior auditory region disrupted the __________ task but not the __________ task. When lesions were induced to the posterior auditory region, the cats showed the _______ pattern of performance.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Lomber and Malhorta (2008) conducted a study...

Question 13

Optic ataxia is an inability to

Accepted Answer

Optic ataxia is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to use visual information to guide movements. This means that a person with optic ataxia will have difficulty reaching for an object accurately, even if they can recognize it visually. Options A and C refer to object recognition, which is not specifically impaired in optic ataxia. Option B refers to acquired dyslexia, which is also not associated with optic ataxia.

Question 14

________ is the ability to recognize an object under many different viewing conditions and in many different contexts.

Accepted Answer

Object constancy refers to the ability to recognize an object under various conditions, such as changes in size, angle, distance or lighting. This ability is crucial for our visual perception and recognition of objects in the world, as we encounter them in many different contexts and from many different viewpoints. Ensemble coding refers to the averaging of sensory information across a group or set of stimuli, and is not directly related to object recognition. Apperceptive agnosia is a perceptual disorder where individuals are unable to recognize or interpret visual information even though their eyes and visual systems are intact. Repetition suppression refers to the neural phenomenon where the response of neurons to a stimulus decreases with repeated presentation, and is not directly related to object recognition per se.

Question 15

Each of the following are factors that currently restrict our ability to decode information from the brain, EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The other factors listed (spatial resolution, model accuracy, and temporal resolution) all directly affect our ability to decode information from the brain. However, the availability of necessary data is not a factor that restricts our ability to decode information, but rather a potential limitation in obtaining the data needed to build decoding models.

Question 16

Pohl (1973) conducted a study of the "what" and "where" pathways in brain-lesioned monkeys using two different tasks: a landmark discrimination task, which required a visuospatial judgment, and an object discrimination task, which required object recognition. He found that monkeys with temporal lobe lesions became severely impaired in learning the ________ task but not the ________ task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the ________ pattern of performance.

Accepted Answer

Monkeys with temporal lobe lesions were impaired in the object discrimination task, which involves object recognition, but not in the landmark discrimination task. Monkeys with posterior parietal lesions showed the opposite pattern, being impaired in the landmark discrimination task, which involves visuospatial judgment.

Question 17

With regard to perception, the term feature refers to

Accepted Answer

In perception, a feature refers to a fundamental component of a visual pattern, such as edge orientation or color. Features are the basic building blocks that make up complex patterns, and they can be used to guide attention and facilitate visual search tasks. Features are generally processed early in the visual system, before more complex perceptual judgments are made. Options A, B, and C are not accurate definitions of the term feature in perception.

Question 18

Optic ataxia is to associative visual agnosia as ________ lesions are to ________ lesions.

Accepted Answer

Optic ataxia results from lesions in the dorsal pathway (which is associated with the posterior parietal cortex), affecting the ability to coordinate visual information with motor actions. Associative visual agnosia results from lesions in the ventral pathway (associated with the temporal lobe), affecting the ability to recognize objects.

Question 19

During a single-cell recording study, you locate a neuron in one of the two main output pathways from the occipital cortex that has a large receptive field in the central part of the visual field. The cell probably lies inside the ________ pathway and is specialized for ________.

Accepted Answer

The mention of a neuron with large receptive fields in the central part of the visual field points towards the ventral stream, which is responsible for object recognition. The ventral stream originates from the occipital cortex and terminates in the temporal cortex. Therefore, the neuron is likely located in the temporal pathway and is specialized for object recognition.

Question 20

According to ensemble theories of object recognition, it is possible to confuse similar-looking objects because

Accepted Answer

Ensemble theories propose that objects are recognized based on the activation of overlapping networks of cells that respond to features such as color, shape, and texture. Similar-looking objects may activate similar networks of cells, leading to confusion in object recognition. Hence, option A is the correct choice as it explains this phenomenon. Option B is incorrect as the existence of a single grandmother cell for a specific object has been widely debated. Option C is incorrect as cells in the extrastriate cortex have high spatial resolution and small receptive fields, allowing for detailed object recognition. Option D is incorrect as object constancy is a process by which the visual system maintains the perception of an object's identity despite changes in its appearance, shape, or orientation, and does not directly relate to confusion between similar-looking objects.

Quiz 6: Object Recognition

Anatomical outputs from the occipital lobe follow two major axon bundles that terminate in the and .

A patient's ability to represent the spatial layout of their environment has become disturbed. The patient most likely has damage in the _____ lobe.

The patient D.F., studied by Goodale and Milner (1982) , had severe problems with object recognition. When presented with a circular block into which a slot had been cut,