Question 1

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called:

Accepted Answer

Plasmids can be separate entities,but transposable elements cannot.

Question 2

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is:

Accepted Answer

Fermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation.Oxidative phosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (aerobic respiration)or acceptors other than oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

Question 3

Mutation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Mutation occurs as an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome.

Question 4

Recombination is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Recombination is an event that frequently occurs in many varieties of bacteria and is a major means by which bacteria may achieve genetic diversity.

Question 5

In gene regulation and control,repression is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

To avoid waste and overproduction of enzymes in the cell,some genes are turned off by the presence of the product of that gene expression.

Question 6

Teichoic acids are:

Accepted Answer

Teichoic acids,mycolic acids,peptidoglycan,and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of the bacterial cell wall.

Question 7

The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process is called:

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase is a specific type of replication enzyme.

Question 8

The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane,but gram-positive bacteria do not.

Question 9

The mechanism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP)production in which high-energy phosphate bonds produced by the central metabolic pathways are donated to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)to form ATP is:

Accepted Answer

Fermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation that does not require oxygen.Oxidative phosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (aerobic respiration)or acceptors other than oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

Question 10

If a bacterial cell encounters unfavorable environmental conditions,then its metabolism will begin to slow until it eventually transforms into an inactive,dormant state.This survival mechanism is known as:

Accepted Answer

Organisms sporulate when unfavorable conditions are encountered and remain in this state until favorable conditions return.

Question 11

A pathway that generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation that does not require oxygen and produces various end products,including alcohols,acids,carbon dioxide,and hydrogen,is:

Accepted Answer

Fermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation that does not require oxygen.Oxidative phosphorylation,including both aerobic and anaerobic respiration,is an electron transport system.

Question 12

Transformation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Transformation involves recipient uptake of DNA that is free in the environment when another bacterial cell dies and undergoes lysis.

Question 13

Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomes in the cell are responsible for controlled degradation of intracellular substances.

Question 14

Teichoic acids,mycolic acids,peptidoglycan,and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

Accepted Answer

These elements are all part of the cell walls of some types of bacteria.

Question 15

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein)is defined as a:

Accepted Answer

The genome is the collection of all the genes of an organism.Nucleotides and DNA are building blocks of genes.

Question 16

Pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)that move from one genetic element to another and contain genes for movement and genes for other features are called:

Accepted Answer

Insertion sequences only code for movement.

Question 17

Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded,closed,circular structures are called:

Accepted Answer

Plasmids can be separate entities,but transposable elements (transposons and insertion sequences)cannot.

Question 18

Transduction is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

Bacteriophages,viruses that infect bacteria,integrate their DNA into the bacterial cell's chromosome,in which viral DNA replication and expression is directed;thus,the DNA is dispersed to another bacterium when other cells are infected.

Question 19

In gene regulation and control,induction can be defined as the:

Accepted Answer

To avoid waste and overproduction of enzymes in the cell,some genes are turned on only by the presence of the substrate of that gene expression.

Question 20

The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor is:

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor (aerobic respiration)or acceptors other than oxygen (anaerobic respiration).

Quiz 2: Bacterial Genetics, metabolism, and Structure