Question 1

Young children's metacognition tends to show which of these phenomena?
A)JOLs do not predict performance
B)overconfident judgments
C)suggestible metacognition
D)strategic usage of false belief

Accepted Answer

Young children tend to be overconfident in their judgments of their own abilities and knowledge. They often overestimate how well they will do on tasks and believe they know more than they actually do. Studies have shown that this overconfidence can decrease as children get older and gain more experience with tasks.

Question 2

Corey is 6-year-old.He is studying with his mother for his first spelling test in first grade.He looks at the words and tells his mother he is prepared for the test.Relative to his actual performance, Corey is likely to show:
A)unmitigated retrieval.
B)plausibility.
C)overconfidence.
D)regressive learning.

Accepted Answer

Corey's statement that he is prepared for the test without any evidence of studying indicates overconfidence, which is a common trait in young children. This suggests that Corey may not perform as well as he thinks he will on the spelling test.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about cultural differences and the development of autobiographical memory?
A)American children have a later offset of childhood amnesia than do Chinese children.
B)Chinese children are more likely to be required to memorize early life events than American children.
C)American parents tend to discuss past events in a more elaborative style than do Chinese parents.
D)Chinese parents are more likely to encourage open-ended family discussions of past events.

Accepted Answer

Studies have found that American parents tend to discuss past events in a more elaborative style, emphasizing personal feelings and internal states, while Chinese parents place more emphasis on the social context and external details. This difference in parental communication style may lead to differences in the development of autobiographical memory between the two cultures.

Question 4

According to the research on false memory in older children, plausibility:
A)increases false memory in older children.
B)decreases false memory in younger children.
C)substitutes for suggestibility in many paradigms.
D)decreases false memory in older children.

Accepted Answer

Plausibility decreases false memory in older children because they are more likely to reject implausible suggestions.

Question 5

In Wimmer and Perner's (1983) experiment on false belief, it was found that:
A)3-year-olds were able to recall all of the items on the false memory list.
B)3-year-olds did not successfully predict where a confederate would think a hidden item was, but the 5-year-olds were successful.
C)3-year-olds successfully predicted where a confederate would think a hidden item was, but the 5-year-olds were unsuccessful because of the critical nature of meaning.
D)5-year-olds lack the metacognition necessary for avoiding suggestibility.

Accepted Answer

In Wimmer and Perner's experiment on false belief, it was found that 3-year-olds did not successfully predict where a confederate would think a hidden item was, but the 5-year-olds were successful. This suggests that 5-year-olds have developed a theory of mind, which helps them understand that others can have beliefs that differ from their own.

Question 6

With respect to metacognitive control, second-graders are likely to:
A)spend more time studying items that they gave low JOLs to.
B)fail at false-belief tests.
C)use tip-of-the-tongue states to help retrieve eyewitness information.
D)regard studying as unnecessary because they have already mastered the material.

Accepted Answer

Second-graders are beginning to develop metacognitive control, which includes the ability to monitor their own learning and adjust their studying strategies accordingly. Research suggests that at this age, children may spend more time studying items that they gave low judgments of learning (JOLs) to, indicating that they are aware of their own knowledge gaps and trying to fill them. They are also likely to use other metacognitive strategies such as self-questioning and note-taking. False-belief tests and tip-of-the-tongue states are not directly related to metacognitive control in second-graders, and regarding studying as unnecessary suggests a lack of metacognitive awareness.

Question 7

Rosalia is a 4-year-old child.She watches a stuffed animal get placed in a McDonald's hamburger bag.Rosalia will:
A)think that everyone knows the stuffed animal is in the bag.
B)refuse to eat from the bag.
C)immediately forget that the animal was placed in the bag.
D)make a judgment of learning.

Accepted Answer

At the age of 4, children like Rosalia are in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget's theory. During this stage, children tend to be egocentric, meaning they have difficulty understanding that other people might not share their knowledge or perspective. Therefore, Rosalia might think that everyone knows the stuffed animal is in the bag because she knows it, not realizing that others who didn't see the action wouldn't be aware of it.

Question 8

In a classic study on this topic, Leichtman and Ceci (1995) investigated the suggestibility of child witnesses.They used children aged 3-6 as participants.In the study, a man-a confederate of the researchers-named "Sam Stone" came to visit the children's pre-school class.Leichtman and Ceci found that:
A)many children thought Sam Stone was a bad man.
B)children's memory for the event was never accurate.
C)most children were able to later distinguish Sam Stone's face from other faces.
D)some children misremembered key details of Sam Stone's visit.

Accepted Answer

Leichtman and Ceci found that some children misremembered key details of Sam Stone's visit, suggesting that child witnesses may be susceptible to suggestion and their memories may not be entirely accurate.

Question 9

Fivush et al. (2004) examined the memories of children who had experienced Hurricane Andrew in 1992.They found that:
A)ten years later, children could not remember the storm.
B)level of damage predicted memory for the storm when memory was first tested.
C)older children remembered more when the storm had only affected them mildly, whereas younger children showed better memory if they had been more strongly affected.
D)suggestibility was stronger for the children in the most damaged areas caused by the storm.

Accepted Answer

Level of damage predicted memory for the storm when memory was first tested.

Question 10

Fazio and Marsh (2006) looked at memory for false facts embedded in stories given to children varying from age 5 to age 7.They found that:
A)older children were more likely to make mistakes on a general-information test based on the errors they heard in the story.
B)younger children were more likely to make mistakes because of suggestibility effects.
C)there were fewer errors for the older children when they attended to meaning.
D)the younger children had faster reaction times to verify facts than did the older children.

Accepted Answer

Older children were more likely to make mistakes on a general-information test based on the errors they heard in the story, as they are more likely to integrate the false information into their existing knowledge base.

Question 11

Leichtman and Ceci (1995) investigated the suggestibility of child witnesses.They found that:
A)paradoxically, the younger children were less prone to suggestibility.
B)when the confederate asked the children about false events, all of the children rejected this possibility.
C)the younger children showed more false memories.
D)distinguishing features of the event structured retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Leichtman and Ceci (1995) found that younger children were more prone to suggestibility, showing more false memories when exposed to suggestive questioning.

Question 12

Holliday, Reyna and Brainerd (2008) examined the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) effect in children age 7-13.They found that:
A)all children recalled the words poorly.
B)older children recalled more items correctly, but also showed more false memories.
C)younger children recalled fewer items correctly, and also showed more false memories.
D)younger children recalled more items overall, despite the older adults better recall accuracy.

Accepted Answer

Older children recalled more items correctly but also exhibited a higher rate of false memories, indicating an age-related increase in both memory recall and susceptibility to the DRM effect.

Question 13

In most studies, it would be considered unethical to:
A)put young children in a highly stressful situation.
B)study suggestibility in very young children.
C)ask children to serve as participants in memory experiments.
D)mislead children about events that had occurred earlier.

Accepted Answer

Putting young children in a highly stressful situation is considered unethical because it can cause harm or distress to the participants, which violates ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.

Question 14

Research shows that teachers who emphasize metamemory skills in young grade-schoolers find that:
A)metamemory training results in quicker learning.
B)metamemory training results in less accurate learning.
C)metamemory training is not useful until children are in high school.
D)metamemory is not related to theory of mind.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that teachers who emphasize metamemory skills, such as awareness of learning strategies and knowledge of one's own memory abilities, in young grade-schoolers find that it results in quicker learning.

Question 15

Theory of mind refers to:
A)the theory that animals other than humans have developed minds.
B)the theory that young children use memory to make mental decisions.
C)an attention to mental events that happens in the first two years of life.
D)the awareness that other individuals have separate states of awareness, different from that of our own.

Accepted Answer

Theory of mind refers to the understanding that other individuals have separate mental states, beliefs, and feelings that are different from our own. This ability develops around age 4 or 5, and is essential for understanding and predicting the behavior of others. Option A is incorrect as it does not reflect the definition of theory of mind. Option B is incorrect as it refers to memory and not mental states. Option C is incorrect as it incorrectly implies that attention to mental events ends after two years of life.

Question 16

Which of the following summarizes the research on false memory in children?
A)Younger children show more meaning-based memory errors.
B)Younger children show fewer meaning-based memory errors.
C)Younger children do not show meaning-based memory errors.
D)There are no developmental differences in false memories.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that younger children tend to show fewer meaning-based memory errors compared to older children and adults, as their cognitive processing is less influenced by semantic associations.

Question 17

Schneider et al. (2000) examined the ability of kindergartners, second-graders, and fourth graders to make JOLs (judgments of learning).They found that:
A)none of the grade school children showed accurate predictions of memory performance.
B)only the fourth-graders showed accurate judgments.
C)all three grade levels were above-chance at predicting performance.
D)the younger children made JOLs, but the older children preferred to make FOKs.

Accepted Answer

The study found that all three grade levels were above-chance (i.e., random guessing) at predicting performance, indicating that they all had some level of ability to make JOLs.

Question 18

Malajandra was just 5-year-old when a hurricane damaged houses in her neighborhood.Which of the following statements is likely to be true concerning her memory?
A)She will not remember the storm.
B)She will remember more details if there was moderate damage to her house, rather than severe damage or no damage.
C)No predictions can be made because no research is relevant.
D)She will remember in great detail, if asked with the right questions.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that children who experience moderate damage to their homes during natural disasters are more likely to remember details compared to those who experience severe damage or no damage. Therefore, it is likely that Malajandra will remember the storm and more details if her house sustained moderate damage.

Question 19

In a false belief test,
A)young children will mistake cognition for metacognition.
B)young children will employ memory strategies when they should rely on memory efficiency.
C)infants replace actual objects with imagined objects.
D)young children do not recognize that others do not know what they know.

Accepted Answer

In a false belief test, young children do not recognize that others do not know what they know. This is because they have not yet developed the ability to understand that other people can have beliefs and perspectives that differ from their own. As a result, they may make errors in predicting or explaining another person's behavior based on their own knowledge or beliefs.

Question 20

Which of the following summarizes the research on children's eyewitness memory?
A)Young children are less prone to suggestibility than older children.
B)Children should never be asked to be witnesses in actual criminal investigations.
C)Relative to adults, children show less suggestibility.
D)Younger children are more prone to suggestibility than older children.

Accepted Answer

The research on children's eyewitness memory shows that younger children are more prone to suggestibility than older children, which means they are more likely to be influenced by leading questions or suggestions from adults. This suggests that caution should be taken when children are asked to provide eyewitness testimony in criminal investigations.

Quiz 11: Memory in Childhood

Young children's metacognition tends to show which of these phenomena?

Corey is 6-year-old.He is studying with his mother for his first spelling test in first grade.He looks at the words and tells his mother he is prepared for the test.Relative to his actual performance, Corey is likely to show:

Which of the following statements is true about cultural differences and the development of autobiographical memory?

According to the research on false memory in older children, plausibility:

In Wimmer and Perner's (1983) experiment on false belief, it was found that:

With respect to metacognitive control, second-graders are likely to:

Rosalia is a 4-year-old child.She watches a stuffed animal get placed in a McDonald's hamburger bag.Rosalia will:

Fivush et al. (2004) examined the memories of children who had experienced Hurricane Andrew in 1992.They found that:

Fazio and Marsh (2006) looked at memory for false facts embedded in stories given to children varying from age 5 to age 7.They found that:

Leichtman and Ceci (1995) investigated the suggestibility of child witnesses.They found that:

Holliday, Reyna and Brainerd (2008) examined the DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) effect in children age 7-13.They found that:

In most studies, it would be considered unethical to:

Research shows that teachers who emphasize metamemory skills in young grade-schoolers find that:

Theory of mind refers to:

Which of the following summarizes the research on false memory in children?

Schneider et al. (2000) examined the ability of kindergartners, second-graders, and fourth graders to make JOLs (judgments of learning) .They found that:

Malajandra was just 5-year-old when a hurricane damaged houses in her neighborhood.Which of the following statements is likely to be true concerning her memory?

In a false belief test,

Which of the following summarizes the research on children's eyewitness memory?