Question 1

From the metamemory perspective, the increased rate of ______ among older adults is adaptive because it allows them to make accurate predictions about what they will recall.

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Question 2

Explain episodic memory.

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Question 3

What is semantic memory?

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Question 4

Vannucci et al. (2012) found that false identifications of objects led to false memories in older adults even when the older adults received feedback as to what the object was initially.This suggests that older adults forget the source of the correct information (i.e., the feedback) and instead remember the initial ______ source.

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Question 5

Studies examining how older adults make judgments of learning (JOLs) find that there is no difference in ______ of JOLs between younger and older adults.

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Question 6

Castel et al. (2012) show that, as people age, they direct their cognitive processes in more ______ ways.This means that older adults control their learning in such a way as to master the most important or high-value information.

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Question 7

Explain directed forgetting.

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Question 8

Souchay and Isingrini examined the relation between JOLs and study time in both younger and older adults.Relative to the younger adults, older adults were ______ likely to restudy more easy items.

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Question 9

Declines in the size of the ______ lobe are associated with declines in memory performance in older adults.

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Question 10

Describe the processing speed as related to age decline.

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Question 11

When older adults ______ an object, they are often forget the correction that led them to correctly identify the object.

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Question 12

In lexical decision tasks, younger adults show greater accuracy than older adults.

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Question 13

Because older adults tend to recall less items in paired associate learning, their JOLs tend to be ______ numerically than younger adults.

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Question 14

Explain the inhibition theory.

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Question 15

In directed forgetting studies, older adults have a harder time blocking out the to-be-forgotten items, leading to better recall of to-be-forgotten items.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently found that older adults have a harder time blocking out the to-be-forgotten items, which leads to better recall of these items compared to younger adults. This phenomenon is known as the "directed forgetting effect."

Question 16

Older adults often show less negative correlations between their judgments of learning and their allocation of study time.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true, according to research on aging and metacognition (the process of monitoring and regulating one's own learning). Older adults tend to have more accurate metacognitive judgments (i.e. they know what they do and don't know, and can make realistic assessments of their own abilities), which means they may not need to spend as much time on material they already understand well. This can lead to less of a correlation between their judgments of learning and their actual study time.

Question 17

______ theory argues that older adults do not have a good ability to block out irrelevant stimulation.

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Question 18

Explain recall versus recognition in memory.

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Question 19

The ______ memory domains show age-related declines.

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Question 20

The observation that older adults are less able to learn tasks simultaneously than younger adults suggests impairment in the central executive area of the brain.

Accepted Answer

The central executive area of the brain is responsible for simultaneously processing and coordinating multiple streams of information. The observation that older adults have difficulty learning tasks simultaneously suggests that this area of the brain may be impaired with age.

Quiz 12: Memory in Older Adults