Question 1

The physiologic role of proteins includes all categories except one. Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Although proteins provide energy, their primary physiologic role includes the remaining selections. Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy.

Question 2

MyPlate recommends 3 oz of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. A small chicken drumstick or thigh is equivalent to 3 oz of meat.

Accepted Answer

MyPlate recommends 5.5 oz of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. A small chicken drumstick or thigh is equivalent to 2 oz of meat. As another visual cue, a deck of cards or the size of you palm equals approximately 3 oz.

Question 3

If a low-quality protein is the only protein source ingested, it cannot support life or normal growth. High-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content.

Accepted Answer

Low-quality proteins, if fed as the only protein source, support life, but not normal growth. These include proteins found in legumes, nuts, and grains. The amino acid in short supply relative to need is referred to as the limiting amino acid. Conversely, high-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content.

Question 4

Each of the following statements are true of the physiologic role of protein except one. Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Protein is present in every living cell, composing almost half of the dry weight of a cell. Second to water, protein is the most plentiful substance in the body.

Question 5

During some food processing procedures, the amino acid lysine is bound to the protein within cereal. This fortification procedure increases bioavailability of protein from the cereal.

Accepted Answer

Binding the amino acid lysine to the plant protein during food processing actually makes the protein unusable by the body. This binding negatively affects bioavailability of the affected nutrient, in this case protein, and reduces its availability for use by the body after absorption. The protein remains intact and is absorbed, but it is not useful.

Question 6

An essential amino acid is essential for the body, but is not required in the diet. A nonessential amino acid is not essential for the body, but it contributes to protein formation in various ways.

Accepted Answer

An essential amino acid (EAA) is essential for the body and is required in the diet. Nonessential amino acids, although essential for the body, are not required in the diet because they can be produced from essential amino acids. Note that if any of the EAAs are unavailable when the cell needs them for protein synthesis, the protein cannot be produced.

Question 7

Analysis of a vegan's diet reveals that the patient has not been consuming any vitamin B₁₂. As an intervention, each of the following would be appropriate to suggest except one. Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Vegans, the most strict adherents to vegetarianism, exclude all foods of animal origin from their diets. The remaining selections would provide appropriate supplementation of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 8

Each of the following combinations of plant proteins creates a complete protein except one. Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Although cereal and milk combine to create a complete protein, milk is not plant based. Of significance, MyPlate documents that milk is a good group that furnishes a significant portion of protein. Note that certain types of vegetarians, including vegans, would not include this combination in their diet.

Question 9

The chemical structure of proteins is different from that of fats and carbohydrates because proteins contain nitrogen but not carbon.

Accepted Answer

Like fats and carbohydrates, proteins also contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The distinguishing feature of proteins is the amine group, which is the body's source of nitrogen. Note that proteins also contain a side group (R group) that is not present on carbohydrates and fats.

Question 10

Each of following is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) except one. Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

Marasmus is a serious health problem in developing countries; it is not associated with NUG because it occurs in infants when protein and kilocalories are deficient in the diet. A similar disease, Kwashiorkor develops when young children receive adequate kilocalories, but not enough high-quality protein. Cardinal signs of NUG are severe gingival redness (erythema) and inflammation and necrosis of the interdental papilla. This painful gingivitis is generally accompanied by a metallic taste and foul odor or smell.

Question 11

Each of the following statements about protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true except for one. Which one is the exception?

Accepted Answer

The occurrence of PEM during critical developmental stages, including prenatal and postnatal periods, can lead to irreversible changes affecting all tissues, including oral tissues. An example of an irreversible change is tooth development. Mild-to-moderate protein deficiency results in smaller molars, significantly delayed eruption, and retardation during development of the mandible.

Question 12

Macaroni and cheese is an example of contributory proteins, because the deficiencies in amino acids of one component are offset by the adequacies of another.

Accepted Answer

The relationship between the two proteins in macaroni and cheese is called complementary. Without awareness, foods that complement each other are usually combined throughout the day. Other examples include beans with rice. Again, the higher quality protein in beans complements the protein deficiency in rice. Cereal and milk is another example of complementary proteins providing adequate amounts of essential amino acids.

Question 13

Tissue building, maintenance, and repair are physiologic roles of proteins and carbohydrates, because both nutrients provide essential amino acids necessary for these functions.

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrates are not responsible for tissue building, maintenance, and repair. These physiologic functions are reserved for proteins. The primary role of carbohydrates is to provide energy; proteins also contribute to this function. Note that only proteins provide essential amino acids; carbohydrates do not. Also note that chemically the amino group distinguishes proteins.

Question 14

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies.

Accepted Answer

An increased incidence of noma and NUG has been observed, and it is thought that protein-energy malnutrition is a significant cause. These conditions are also associated with stress and infection, both of which correlate closely with malnutrition. Noma is a severe gangrenous process on the gingiva that can extend to the lips, cheek, and tissues covering the jaw. In the United States, nomalike lesions can occur in patients with cancer whose immune systems have been severely impaired by chemotherapy. NUG is characterized by degeneration and cellular death (necrosis) of the interdental papillae.

Question 15

Amino acids combine with each other to form polypeptides which are components of food and body proteins. The number of amino acids in a protein varies between 10 and 25, but each protein has a specific number.

Accepted Answer

The number of amino acids in a protein varies greatly from 100 to 300, with each protein having a specific number. Note that a polypeptide is composed of more than two amino acids, whereas a dipeptide contains only two amino acids.

Question 16

The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the:

Accepted Answer

Persons following a vegan diet, the most strict form of vegetarianism, may suffer from reduced intake of zinc, calcium, vitamins D and B₁₂, and long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency rates are especially high for pregnant women, adolescents, older adults, and those who have adhered to a vegetarian diet since birth.

Question 17

The distinguishing feature of amino acids is the amine group. This nitrogen source is not present in carbohydrates, but is present in fats and many vitamins.

Accepted Answer

The amine group, which is the body's source of nitrogen, is the distinguishing feature of proteins. It is not present in any other nutrient. The fundamental constituent of the protein molecule is called the side chain (R group).

Question 18

Poor nutrition results in delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth and increased dental caries. Increased caries susceptibility in at-risk children may be related to changes in salivary composition caused by malnutrition.

Accepted Answer

Although children with malnutrition in both developing countries and developed countries have dietary habits that are not conducive to dental caries, there are several theories as to why caries rates are increased in these populations. Increased caries susceptibility may be related to numerous factors caused by malnutrition including alterations in structure of tooth crowns, diminished salivary flow, and altered salivary content.

Question 19

The substance that is most supportive of bones and teeth is:

Accepted Answer

Collagen is a protein substance of connective tissue that helps to support body structures, such as skin, bones, teeth, and tendons. A low protein intake can affect all these functions.

Question 20

An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake?

Accepted Answer

Together meat and dairy food groups furnish most of the recommended level of protein. Three cups of milk provide 24 g of protein and other essential nutrients. The dental hygienist should also consider that lower consumption of protein by older Americans may be related to cost, inability to prepare nutritious meals, depression, difficulty chewing, or concerns about the fat and cholesterol content of meat.

Quiz 5: Protein: the Cellular Foundation

The physiologic role of proteins includes all categories except one. Which one is the exception?

MyPlate recommends 3 oz of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. A small chicken drumstick or thigh is equivalent to 3 oz of meat.

If a low-quality protein is the only protein source ingested, it cannot support life or normal growth. High-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content.

Each of the following statements are true of the physiologic role of protein except one. Which one is the exception?

During some food processing procedures, the amino acid lysine is bound to the protein within cereal. This fortification procedure increases bioavailability of protein from the cereal.

An essential amino acid is essential for the body, but is not required in the diet. A nonessential amino acid is not essential for the body, but it contributes to protein formation in various ways.

Analysis of a vegan's diet reveals that the patient has not been consuming any vitamin B₁₂. As an intervention, each of the following would be appropriate to suggest except one. Which one is the exception?

Each of the following combinations of plant proteins creates a complete protein except one. Which one is the exception?

The chemical structure of proteins is different from that of fats and carbohydrates because proteins contain nitrogen but not carbon.

Each of following is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) except one. Which is the exception?

Each of the following statements about protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true except for one. Which one is the exception?

Macaroni and cheese is an example of contributory proteins, because the deficiencies in amino acids of one component are offset by the adequacies of another.

Tissue building, maintenance, and repair are physiologic roles of proteins and carbohydrates, because both nutrients provide essential amino acids necessary for these functions.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) , because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies.

Amino acids combine with each other to form polypeptides which are components of food and body proteins. The number of amino acids in a protein varies between 10 and 25, but each protein has a specific number.

The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the:

The distinguishing feature of amino acids is the amine group. This nitrogen source is not present in carbohydrates, but is present in fats and many vitamins.

Poor nutrition results in delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth and increased dental caries. Increased caries susceptibility in at-risk children may be related to changes in salivary composition caused by malnutrition.

The substance that is most supportive of bones and teeth is:

An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake?

Quiz 5: Protein: the Cellular Foundation

The physiologic role of proteins includes all categories except one. Which one is the exception?

MyPlate recommends 3 oz of cooked lean meat, poultry, or fish daily. A small chicken drumstick or thigh is equivalent to 3 oz of meat.

If a low-quality protein is the only protein source ingested, it cannot support life or normal growth. High-quality proteins are well balanced in their essential amino acid content.

Each of the following statements are true of the physiologic role of protein except one. Which one is the exception?

During some food processing procedures, the amino acid lysine is bound to the protein within cereal. This fortification procedure increases bioavailability of protein from the cereal.

An essential amino acid is essential for the body, but is not required in the diet. A nonessential amino acid is not essential for the body, but it contributes to protein formation in various ways.

Analysis of a vegan's diet reveals that the patient has not been consuming any vitamin B12. As an intervention, each of the following would be appropriate to suggest except one. Which one is the exception?

Each of the following combinations of plant proteins creates a complete protein except one. Which one is the exception?

The chemical structure of proteins is different from that of fats and carbohydrates because proteins contain nitrogen but not carbon.

Each of following is a characteristic manifestation of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) except one. Which is the exception?

Each of the following statements about protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is true except for one. Which one is the exception?

Macaroni and cheese is an example of contributory proteins, because the deficiencies in amino acids of one component are offset by the adequacies of another.

Tissue building, maintenance, and repair are physiologic roles of proteins and carbohydrates, because both nutrients provide essential amino acids necessary for these functions.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) may be responsible for increased incidence of noma and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG) , because these conditions are associated with depressed immune responses caused by nutritional deficiencies.

Amino acids combine with each other to form polypeptides which are components of food and body proteins. The number of amino acids in a protein varies between 10 and 25, but each protein has a specific number.

The type of vegetarian most at risk for nutrient deficiencies is the:

The distinguishing feature of amino acids is the amine group. This nitrogen source is not present in carbohydrates, but is present in fats and many vitamins.

Poor nutrition results in delayed eruption and exfoliation of deciduous teeth and increased dental caries. Increased caries susceptibility in at-risk children may be related to changes in salivary composition caused by malnutrition.

The substance that is most supportive of bones and teeth is:

An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake?

Analysis of a vegan's diet reveals that the patient has not been consuming any vitamin B₁₂. As an intervention, each of the following would be appropriate to suggest except one. Which one is the exception?